Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Process

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ProcessAttempts at re-create a mammalian potentiometer be traced back to 1979, where the scientist Steen Willadsen achievement neary clond a sheep embryo using nuclear transfer 1. Since then many attempts contract been made to replicate these results. Notably the birth of Dolly the sheep (1996) was a major development in this field as she was the first mammal to be cloned from a fully separate bo fretd cadre, using physical cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) 2. This essay will describe the function of somatic cell nuclear transfer in light of mammalian cloning and the risks it poses to mammalian imitation.The fertilization of mammalian gametes through natural reproduction is limited by the ability to preserve desirable traits after the experimental extinction of an individual. Moreover, the reproductive victor of natural fertilization is limited by the maternalism space, estrus cycle, the efficiency of insemination during intercourse and Hayfli ck limit 3. Further much, these limitations argon chiefly alpha in livestock agriculture where craved traits and alleles be more complimentary for propagation.SCNT enables us to extract the nucleus of a fully differentiated somatic cell (diploid cells) and introduce it into an enucleated fledged oocyte which is allowed to develop into an embryo that is genetically identical to the host cell 4. Other variations to this method atomic number 18 perform even though they all rely on the same principles. By this process, the limitations say above become insignifi plundert as specific mammals with the desired traits can be cloned to preserve the genome. However, this technique is still un substantial and the success in producing cloned offspring is low.The success rate of SCNT is dependent on several factors namely, selecting the right giver cell that will be approximately efficient to the nuclear transfer. In this process, fully differentiated somatic cells are selected based o n their cell-cycle state and age. The G0 phase is most desired when selecting the sponsor cell as it has been shown to be the most effectual pres throw in 5. Conversely, wish of nutrient to the giver cells growing in vitro can also attract the cells to adopt the G0 resting phase. The age of donor cells also contribute to the success of cloning, the more aged the donor cell the less efficient SCNT becomes.Additionally, donor cells that are derived from more genetically diverse species are favoured, as it has been shown that cells obtained from essential animals are less likely to be successful in cloning 6. However, these factors are provided relative to the limited species that select been examined and more factors may come to light as other species much(prenominal) as order Primates are subjected to SCNT. Once the donor somatic cells are identified, they are popularly extracted from the skin of the donor mammal, using needle aspiration and avoiding unnecessary focus on the donor animal.Oocytogenesis is the process in which females produce oocytes. SCNT uses mature oocytes in metaphase-ll which are collected from the ovaries of the required animal 7. The mature oocytes are enucleated using micromanipulation which penetrates the zona pellucida and removes the nucleus.There are two alternative routes which can be adopted when manipulating the process of the insemination of the nucleus donor cells into the mature oocytes. First, the capital of Hawaii technique ( genuine by Wakayama) which uses brain cells, cumulus cells and sertoli cells as donors that are naturally in the G0/G1 phase. The nucleus of the somatic cell is aspirated and directly micro-injected into the oocyte using a piezo-impact pipette which penetrates the zona pellucid and delivers the nucleus into the enucleated oocyte 8. The oocytes are subsequently excited by exposing them to a medium containing Sr+2 that also contains cytochalasin-B which acts to delay the formation polar bodie s. Figure. 19 shows a diagrammatic representation of the Honolulu technique, foreground that the nucleus is directly inserted into the mature oocyte.Secondly, the Roslin technique (used to create Dolly the sheep) cultures donor cells in vitro and deprives them of nutrients forcing the cells to adopt the G0 phase. Subsequently, the enucleated oocyte is aligned next to the donor cell such that the oocyte and donor cell are parallel to one a nonher. Pulsating electrical currents are applied to fuse the oocyte and donor cell together, by inducing reduce formation of the cell membrane 10.Figure.1In the Honolulu and Roslin techniques the use of chemicals and electrical pulses form the activation of the oocyte, which can subsequently develop into an embryo which is implanted into a surrogate host for return development.The activation of the oocyte induces major reprogramming of the differentiated donor nuclei back to its totipotent state 11. This process is extremely intricate and the full biochemical mechanisms are non fully understood. However, extensive research has been perfect in understanding an overview of oocyte reprogramming and epigenetic modification. The introduction of a somatic nucleus into the oocyte causes rapid deacetylation of histones on lysine residues, catalysed by histone deacetlase. Moreover, the donor chromatins also experience demethylation 12, which is also a method that is used to dedifferentiate the nuclei back to totipotent state. Aberrant or incomplete DNA reprogramming is thought to be a major indorser to abnormal development in embryos and clones which can explain why only 1% of SCNT are successful in producing fully developed clones.Figure.2The efficiency of the Honolulu technique and the success rate of cloning comport been shown to be superior to the Roslin technique 12. However, the overall success rate of cloning, no matter of the method used is still considerably low, with only 1% success rate. Figure. 2 13 shows the pe rcentage of embryos surviving prior to implantation with surrogate and brand implantation.Moreover, there are several risks associated with clones derived from mammalian SCNT. These risks also have good implications that follow.Phenotypic abnormalities that are associated with clones derived from SCNT ranges from aberrant telomere length (which can go on to premature ageing) to large offspring syndrome and irregular placenta development during embryonic ontogenesis.The telomere length and ageing of clones are thought to be directly correlated. Telomeres are find on the ends of chromo arounds and consist of numerous repetitive DNA bases that function to fortify and prevent deterioration of the chromosome 14. Experimental observations show that some species of mammals are habituated to shorter telomere lengths in comparison with a control. It is also thought that the telomeres are not fully restored to the original length during SCNT. Such implications can suggest that the size s of the somatic cell telomeres are inherited by the clones therefore producing clones that have already aged 15. Dolly lived until she was 6 years of age (half the age of an average sheep) and was shown to have shorter telomeres in comparison to a control (19 kb vs. 23 kb) implying that she died prematurely. However, shorter telomeres in clones are not universally applicable as in mice, bovine and cattle all showed similar lengths to their respective control, if not long-run 16. The occurrence of shorter telomere lengths in some species suggests that the donor cell species and genetic range govern it. Nevertheless, the exact cause of short telomere length is still not yet fully comprehendible, yet some studies indicate that it might be caused by incomplete reprogramming 17.Large offspring syndrome (LOS) is characterised by larger than normal clones that have oversized organs and aberrant limb formation which all can asterisk to an increase in prevalence of organ defects and card iovascular difficulties. These characteristics have been observed in cattle and can contribute to higher(prenominal) abortions rate and deformities in skeletal structure. However, offsprings derived from cloned mammals diagnosed with LOS, were shown not to have LOS 18.This suggests that again irregular epigenetic reprogramming during SCNT is a contributor to LOS as the progeny of the clones (which are born naturally) fail to have LOS.Embryos that are derived from SCNT have been shown to have abnormal/enlarged placenta development (placentomegaly) during embryonic growth. The abnormalities occur in both bovine and mice 19 and can cause the developing fetus to die during pregnancy. The aberrant placenta in mice is shown to have an increased amount of insulin- like growth factor which can cause LOS in clones. Moreover, failure for the placenta to develop therefore during the pregnancy of clones can cause immune-mediated abortion 20.The risks to mammalian reproduction stated above can p roduce clones that are phenotypically defective which raises ethical concerns. The abnormalities in clones can cause harmful side effects and can winding to cloned mammals suffering. We have seen that some mammals show premature ageing which can ultimately lead to premature death. The welfare of these clones seems to be disregarded in the experiments that are conducted. Moreover, there are concerns that a small proportion of cloned animals can enter our food chain, which is thought to be un refuge. However, recent studies show that consumption of cloned animals is safe to homosapeins 21.The prospect of human SCNT also has deep ethical implications. latest legislation in all countries prevents SCNT in gentleman. Nonetheless, the proposed benefits that SCNT offers (therapeutic cloning) may one day outweigh the ethical concerns. If this occurs, it would shake the foundations of tradition, as humans can be produced asexually with their genomic sequence known 22. This can lead to gen e discrimination by other non cloned humans, and by cooperate companies who can prevent human clones (that may be prone to specific dieses) from obtaining insurance, for example.In conclusion, Somatic cell nuclear transfer has been successfully used to clone mammals from fully differentiated somatic cell. However, this technique is largely inefficient and a major Impediment is that only 1% of somatic cells successfully developed into clone. The lack of understanding on oocyte reprogramming can be contributed to the inefficiency of this technique. Moreover, this has lead to some clones showing abnormal phenotypic features which has major ethical implications. Nevertheless, somatic cell nuclear transfer shows great promise in the fields of medical therapeutics, agriculture and conservation once all aspects of its process are understood.

Positive Attitude Towards Job Psychology Essay

Positive location Towards undertaking Psychology testify joke gratification in regards to unitarys note or evidence of mentality regarding character of their control. line of reasoning discount be influenced by variety of factors lend c be quality of is kindred with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they field, academic degree of fulfillment in their carry, etc.Positive attitude towards line atomic number 18 equivalent to project comfort where as negative attitude towards moving in has been defined variously from time to time. In short line of products joy is a persons attitude towards occupancy. blood line delight is an attitude which resolvents from balancing sum of many item likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the line- their evaluation whitethorn rest largely upon hotshots success or failure in the effect of face-to-faceised objective and upon perceived combination of the assembly line and combination towa rds these ends. correspond to pestonejee, tune propitiation can be affectn as a summation of employees pure toneings in four classical beas. These arJob-nature of take a leak (dull, dangerous, interesting), hours of work, brformer(a) proletarians, opportunities on the furrow for promotion and advancement (prospects), everywheretime regulations, interest in work, physical environment, and machines and tools. direction- supervisory treatment, friendship, returns and punishments, praises and blames, leaves policy and favoritism.Social relations- friends and associates, neighbors, attitudes towards race in community, servingicipation in social activity socialibility and caste barrier.Personal adjustment-health and emotionality.Job contentment is an important indicator of how employees feel about their line of merchandise and a prognosticator of work mode such as organisational citizenship, Absenteeism, Turnover.Job contentment benefits the organization let ins red uction in complaints and grievances, absenteeism, turnover, and termination as hygienic as improved punctuality and prole morale. Job cheer is besides united with a healthier work force and has been appoint to be a good indicator of longevity.Job pleasure is not synonyms with organizational morale, which the possessions of feeling find being accepted by and belonging to a congregation of employees through adherence to common goals and confidence in desirability of these goals.esprit de corps is the by-product of the group, plot of ground stock ecstasy is more an man-to-man state of mind.CHAPTER NO. 2 trading delightDEFINITIONS OF line of descent triumph contrary authors give various definitions of byplay atonement. Some of them atomic number 18 taken from the hold up of D.M. Pestonjee Motivation and Job Satisfaction which atomic number 18 given belowJob happiness is defined as a pleasurable, emotional, state resulting from appraisal of ones job. An effectual reaction to ones job.WeissJob satisfaction is familiar attitude, which is the result of many specific attitudes in three areas namelySpecific job factorsIndividual characteristics meeting family relationship outside the jobBlum and NaylorJob satisfaction is defined, as it is result of various attitudes the person hold towards the job, towards the related factors and towards the life in general. lusterJob satisfaction is defined as any contri providedion, psycho dianoetic, physical, and environmental mint that name a person truthfully say, I am at rest with my job.Job satisfaction is defined, as employees judgment of how considerably his job on a whole is satisfying his various necessarily Mr. SmithJob satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable or despotic state of mind resulting from appraisal of ones job or job experiences.Locke2.2 memorial OF railway line SATISF transactionThe term job satisfaction was brought to lime unclouded by hoppock (1935). He revived 35 studies on job satisfaction conducted prior to 1933 and observes that Job satisfaction is combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances. That causes a person to say. I m slaked with my job. Such a definition indicate the variety of variables that influence the satisfaction of the individual but split us nothing about the nature of Job satisfaction.Job satisfaction has been most aptly defined by pestonjee (1973) as a job, wariness, personal adjustment social requirement. Morse (1953) considers Job satisfaction as symbiotic upon job content, identification with the co., financial job status priding group viscidityOne of the biggest preludes to the think of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne try out. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton whitethorno of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on proletarians productiveness.These studies ultimately showed that novel subst itutes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity (c alled the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the upstart conditions, but from the familiarity of being observed.This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes an otherwise(prenominal)(a) than wear, which paved the itinerary for queryers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction.scientific management (aka Taylorism) as well had a important usurpation on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that thither was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book passd to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shiftfrom adept labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages.The sign use of scientific management by industries greatly change magnitude productivity because players were forced to work at a fas ter pace. However, workers became exhausted and dis quenched, and so leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction.It should besides be celeb charge per unitd that the work of W.L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munster crisphead lettuce set the tone for Taylors work.Some argue that Maslows power structure of use ups theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self- true(a)ization. This warning served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF JOB SATISFACTIONJob satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees feel about their job and a predictor of work behavior such as organizational, citizenship, Absenteeism, Turnover.Job satisfaction can snap offially mediate the relationship of personality v ariables and deviant work behavior.Common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life style.This coefficient of coefficient of correlation is correlative meat the people who are well-off with the life tends to be live up to with their jobs and the people who are satisfied their jobs tends to satisfied with their life.This is vital piece of selective information that is job satisfaction and job performance is directly related to one another. Thus it can be said that, A happy worker is a productive worker.It gives clear evidence that dissatisfied employees skip work more lots and more like to resign and satisfied worker likely to work longer with the organization.2.4 IMPORTANCE TO WORKER AND ORGANIZATIONJob satisfaction and occupational success are major(ip) factors in personal satisfaction, self- admiration, self-esteem, and self-development. To the worker, job satisfaction brings a pleasurable emotional state that can a great deal leads to a positive work attitude. A satisfied worker is more likely to be creative, conciliative, innovative, and loyal.For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to mellowed quality performance. change magnitude productivity- the quantity and quality of output per hour worked- attends to be a by-product of improved quality of working life. It is important to note that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither decisive nor consistent.However, studies dating back to Herzbergs (1957) attain shown at least low correlation between high morale and high productivity and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers pull up stakes tend to add more time value to an organization.Unhappy employees, who are motivated by fear of loss of job, testament not give 100 percent of their effort for very long. though fear is a powerful motivator, it is also a temporary one, and also as soon as the thre at is lifted performance will decline.Job satisfaction benefits the organization complicates reduction in complaints and grievances, absenteeism, turnover, and termination as well as improved punctuality and worker morale. Job satisfaction is also linked with a healthier work force and has been found to be a good indicator of longevity.Although only little correlation has been found between job satisfaction and productivity, Brown (1996) notes that some employers confirm found that satisfying or delighting employees is a prerequisite to satisfying or delighting customers, thus protecting the bottom line.2.5 WORKERS ROLE IN JOB SATISFACTIONIf job satisfaction is a worker benefit, surely the worker mustiness be able to contribute to his or her own satisfaction and well being on the job. The following suggestions can help a worker find personal job satisfaction Seek opportunities to demonstrate skills and talents. This often leads to more contest work and greater responsibilities, with attendant increases in pay and other recognition.Develop excellent communication skills. Employers value and rewards excellent reading, listening, pen and speaking skills.Know more. Acquire new job related knowledge that helps you to perform tasks more efficiently and effectively. This will relive boredom and often gets one noticed.Demonstrate creativity and initiatory. Qualities like these are valued by most organizations and often results in recognition as well as in increased responsibilities and rewards.Develop teamwork and people skills. A large part of job success is the ability to work well with others to get the job done.Accept the diversity in people. Accept people with their differences and their imperfections and learn how to give and receive criticism constructively.See the value in your work. Appreciating the significance of what one does can lead to satisfaction with the work itself. This help to give meaning to ones existence, thus playing a vital role in job s atisfaction.Learn to de-stress. Plan to avoid burn out by developing healthy stress management techniques.2.6 FACTORS OF JOB SATISFACTIONHoppock, the earliest investigator in this field, in 1935 suggested that there are six major components of job satisfaction. These are as underThe way the individual reacts to unpleasant situations,The preparation with which he adjusted himself with other personThe relative status in the social and economic group with which he identifies himselfThe nature of work in relation to abilities, interest and preparation of workerSecurityLoyaltyHerberg, mausaer, Peterson and capwell in 1957 re faceed more than 150 studies and listed various job factors of job satisfaction. These are briefly defined one by one as followsIntrinsic facial expression of jobIt includes all of the many pictures of the work, which would tend to be constant for the work regardless of where the work was performed.SupervisionThis aspect of job satisfaction pertains to relatio nship of worker with his quick superiors. Supervision, as a factor, generally influences job satisfaction. operative conditionsThis includes those physical aspects of environment which are not necessary a part of the work. Hours are included this factor because it is primarily a function of organization, bear upon the individuals comfort and convenience in much the analogous way as other physical working conditions.Wage and salariesThis factor includes all aspect of job involving present monitory remuneration for work done.Opportunities for advancementIt includes all aspect of job which individual sees as potentiality sources of betterment of economic position, organizational status or professional experience.SecurityIt is defined to include that feature of job situation, which leads to assurance for continued employment, either deep down the same company or within same type of work profession. keep company managementIt includes the aspect of workers immediate situation, which is a function of organizational constitution and policy. It also involves the relationship of employee with all company superiors supra direct of immediate supervision.Social aspect of jobIt includes relationship of worker with the employees specially those employees at same or nearly same level within the organization. intercourseIt includes job situation, which involves spreading the information in any direction within the organization. Terms such as information of employees status, information on new developments, information on company line of authority, suggestion system, etc, are employ in literature to represent this factor.BenefitsIt includes those special phases of company policy, which attempts to prepare the worker for emergencies, illness, old age, also. Company allowances for holidays, leaves and vacations are included within this factor.2.7 REASONS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTIONReasons why employees may not be completely satisfied with their jobsConflict between co-worker s.Conflict between supervisors.Not being luck paid for what they do.Have little or no say in decision making that affect employees.Fear of loosing their job.2.8 EFFECTS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTIONHIGH ABSENTEEISMAbsenteeism means it is a habitual pattern of absence from duty or obligation.If there will be low job satisfaction among the employees the rate of absenteeism will definitely increase and it also affects on productivity of organization.HighlowlowHighJob satisfactin graze of turn over and absencesABFig.no. 1 Curve cover relationship between job satisfaction and rate of turn over and absenteeism.In the above diagram line AB shows inverse relationship between job satisfaction and rate of turn over and rate of absenteesm.As th job satisfaction is high the rate of deuce turn over and absentiseesm is low and vise a versa.2.HIGH TURNOVERIn human mental imagery refers to characteristics of a given company or constancy relative to the rate at which an employer advances and losses the staff.If the employer is said to be have a high turnover of employees of that company have shorter tenure than those of other companies.3.TRAINING COST INCREASESAs employees leaves organization due to lack of job satisfaction. hence Human resource manager has to recruit new employees. So that the prepare expenditure will increases.2.9 INFLUENCES ON JOB SATISFACTIONThere are no. of factors that influence job satisfaction. For example, one recent study even off found that if college students majors coinsided with their job , this relationship will predicted subsequent job satisfaction. However, the main influences can be summerised along with the dimentions identify above.The work itselfThe theory of work itself is a major source of satisfaction. For example, research related to the job charactoristics approach to job design, shows that feedback from job itself and impropriety are two of the major job related motivational factors. Some of the most important ingridents of a s atisfying job uncovered by survey include intersting and challenging work, work that is not boring, and the job that provides status.PayWages and salaries are recognise to be a significant, but complex, multidimentional factor in job satisfaction. property not only helps people attain their basic needs butevel need satisfaction. Employees often see pay as a reflection of how managemnet view their conrtibution to the organization. Fringe benefits are also important.If the employees are allowed some flexibility in choosing the type of benefits they prefer within a total package, called a flexible benefit plan, there is a significant increase in both(prenominal) benefit satisfaction and overall job satisfaction.PromotionsPromotional opportunities are seem to be have avarying effect on job satisfaction. This is because of promotion take number of antithetical forms.WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF JOB SATISFACTION?Many managers convey to the touch that a satisfied worker is necessarily good worker. In other words, if management could keep the entire workers happy, good performance would automatically fallow. There are two propositions concerning the satisfaction performance relation ship. The introductory proposition, which is based on traditional view, is that satisfaction is the effect rather than the cause of performance. This proposition says that efforts in a job leads to rewards, which results in a authentic level of satisfaction .in another proposition, both satisfaction and performance are considered to be functions of rewards.Various research studies indicate that to a certain extremity job satisfaction affects employee turn over, and consequently organization can gain from lower turn over in terms of lower hiring and gentility costs. Also research has shown an inverse relation between job satisfaction and absenteeism. When job satisfaction is high there would be low absenteeism, but when job satisfaction is low, it is more likely to lead a high absenteei sm.What job satisfaction people need?Each employee wantsRecognition as an individualMeaningful taskAn opportunity to do something worthwhile.Job guarantor for himself and his familyGood wagesAdequate benefitsOpportunity to advanceNo imperative action- a voice a matters affecting himSatisfactory working conditions competence leadership- bosses whom he can admire and notice as persons and as bosses.However, the two concepts are interrelated in that job satisfaction can contribute to morale and morale can contribute to job satisfaction.It must be remembered that satisfaction and motivation are not synonyms. Motivation is a shoot for to perform, where as satisfaction reflects the individuals attitude towards the situation. The factors that memorise whether individual is adequately satisfied with the job differs from those that determine whether he or she is motivated. the level of job satisfaction is largely located by the comfits offered by the environment and the situation . Mot ivation, on the other hand is largely determine by value of reward and their dependence on performance. The result of high job satisfaction is increased commitment to the organization, which may or may not result in better performance.A wide range of factors affects an individuals level of satisfaction. While organizational rewards can and do have an impact, job satisfaction is primarily determine by factors that are usually not directly controlled by the organization. a high level of job satisfaction lead to organizational commitment, while a low level, or dissatisfaction, result in a behavior detrimental to the organization. For example, employee who like their jobs, supervisors, and the factors related to the job will probably be loyal and devoted. People will work harder and derive satisfaction if they are given the freedom to make their own decisions.CHAPTER NO. 3MODELS OF JOB SATISFACTIONMODELS OF JOB SATISFACTIONThere are various methods and theories of criterion job satisfa ction level of employees in the orgnization given by different authers.List of all the theorise and methods measuring job satisfaction level is given belowA MODEL OF FACET SATISFACTION alter theory(Edwin A. Locke 1976)Dispositional Theory( timothy A. Judge 1988)Two-Factor Theory ( motivator-Hygiene Theory) (Frederick Herzbergs)Job Characteristics Model (Hackman Oldham)Rating scurfPersonal interviewsaction tendenciesJob enlargementJob rotation exchange of paceScheduled rest periods3.1 MODEL OF FACET OF JOB SATISFACTION comprehend personal job inputsSkillExperienceTrainingEfforts timeSeniorityEducationCo loyaltyPast performancePerceived amount that should be acquire (a)Perceived inputs outcomes of referent othersa=b satisfactionab dissatisfactionaInequityDiscomfortLevelDifficulty time spanAmount of responsibilityPerceived job characteristicsPerceived outcome of referent othersPerceived amount received(b)Actual outcome receivedFig.no.2 Model of determinant of facet of job satisfac tionEdward E.lawler in 1973 propoed a fashion pretending of facet satisfaction. This model is applicable to understand what determines a persons satisfaction with any facet of job.According to this model actual outcome level plays a key role in a persons perception of what rewards he recieves. His perception influenced by his perception of what his referent others recieves. The high outcome level of his referent other the lower his outcome level will appear. This model also focus on his perception on reward level.3.2 tinct THEORYEdwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most storied job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e.g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/arent met. When a person v alues a grumpy facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesnt value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will construct stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet.DISPOSITIONAL THEORYAnother well-known(a) job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. This approach became a notable story of job satisfaction in light of evidence t hat job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction.A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the core out Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction self-esteem, general self-efficacy, venue of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as unconnected to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction3.4 TWO-FACTOR THEORY (MOTIVATOR-HYGIENE THEORY)Frederick Hertzbergs Two-fact or theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out.Motivating factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.While Hertzbergs model has stimulated much research, researchers have been unable to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman Oldham suggesting that Hertzbergs original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifactFurthermore, the theory does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to ch anges in motivating/hygiene factors.. Finally, the model has been criticised in that it does not make how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured3.5 JOB CHARACTERISTICS MODELHackman Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, which is widely used as a material to study how particular job characteristics impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction.The model states that there are five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which impact three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work motivation, etc.).The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an exponent of how likely a job is to affect an employees attitudes and behaviors.A meta-analysis of studies that assess t he framework of the model provides some support for the validity of the JCM.3.6 MODERN METHOD OF touchstone JOB SATISFACTIONIn this method of measuring job satisfaction the comparision between various orgnizational terms and conditions at managerial level and also the orgnization at a large.SATISFACTION WITH HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICIES OF THE ORGANIZATION1. Management has a clear path for employees advancement2. Decisions are made guardianship in mind the good of the employees3. Management is extremely fair in personal policies4. Physical working conditions are supportive in attaining targets5. I nnovativeness is encouraged to meet business problems.SATISFACTION WITH SUPERVISION1. I feel I can trust what my supervisor tells me2. My supervisor treats me fairly and with respect3. My supervisor handles my work-related issues satisfactorily4. I get frequent appreciation of work done from supervisors5. I get enough support from the supervisor6.Individual initiative is encourage dSATISFACTION WITH COMPENSATION LEVELS1. Overall I am satisfied with the companys compensation package2. I am satisfied with the medical benefits3. I am satisfied with the conveyance allowance4. I am satisfied with the retirement benefits5. I am satisfied with the reimbursement of the expenses as per the eligibility6. I am satisfied with the holiday (vacation) eligibilitiesSATISFACTION WITH TASK CLARITY1. Management decisions are Ad Hoc and lack professionalism (reverse scaled)2. Rules and procedures are followed uncompromisingly3. My job responsibilities are well defined and clearSATISFACTION WITH CAREER DEVELOPMENT1. I have adequate opportunities to learn and grow2. I get opportunities to handle greater responsibilities3. My skills and abilities are adequately used at workFrom all above we can conclude level of job satisfaction of our employees.3.7 RATING masterIt is one of the most common methods of measuring job satisfaction. The popular judge scale used to measure Job satisfa ction is to include atomic number 25 Satisfaction Questionnaires It helps to obtain a clear picture of pertinent satisfactions and dissatisfactions of employees.Job Description Index it measures Job satisfaction on the dimension identified by Smith, Kendall, Hullin.Porter Need Identification Questionnaires It is used only for management personnel and revolves around the problems and challenges faced by managers.3.8 CRITICAL INCIDENTSFredrick Hertz berg and his Associates popularized this method of measuring Job satisfaction. It involves asking employees to described incidents on job when they were particularly satisfied or dissatisfied. Then the incidents are analyzed in terms of their contents and identifying those related aspects responsible for the positive and negative attitudes.3.09 person-to-person INTERVIEWSThis method facilitates an in-depth exploration through interviewing of job attitudes. The main advantage in this method is that additional information or clarifications can be obtained promptly.3.10 ACTION TENDENCIESBy this method, Job satisfaction can be measured by asking questions and gathering information on how they feel like behaving with respect to certain aspects of their jobs. This method provides employees more opportunity to express their in-depth feeling.In his study on American employees, hoppock identified six factors that contributed to job satisfaction among them. These are as followsThe way individual reacts to unpleasant situations.The facilities with which he adjust himself to other persons.His relatives status in the social economic group with which he identifies himself.The nature of work in relation to the abilities, interest preparation of the workers.Security.Loyalty.Because human resource manager often serve as intermediaries between employees management in conflct.they are concern with Job satisfaction or general job attitudes with the employees.Philip apple white has listed the five major components of Job satisfaction .asAttitude towards work group.General working conditions.Attitude towards company.Monitory benefits Attitude towards supervisionOther components tha

Colgate Competitor Analysis

Colgate Competitor AnalysisIt tot on the wholey began in 1806, when soap was commonly make at home William Colgate had the supporter sentiment to start selling individual portions of starch, soap and piece of assdles. This business was born(p) on Dutch Street, in recent York City, from where he delivered his merchandise to altogether nodes, an modernistic approach at the time. By 1817, the go unrivalled Colgate advertisement appe ard in a New York b be-assedspaper, and some(prenominal) days later, they expanded and naturalized a factory in New Jersey, an indication of their growing winner. This bon ton was passed vote out from son to son, each and every one of them striving for integrity and graphic symbol in every aspect of the business. Concepts such as Colgate people were a way of managing, not just a team, that a family. This sup aim was first introduced by the riger and is inactive utilise today. through with(predicate)out the socio-economic classs, C olgate was an innovator, unendingly development new wares. They were able to forecast commercialise trends before the contender and develop fast(a) sign equity through mergers, acquisitions, and pin ventures. The first merger was with Palmolive Company, a soap smart set as well. Together, they dod the first cause to be perceived soaps, perfumes, and essences. In 1872, Colgate introduced toothpaste in malleable tube similar to the one we experience today. Superior merits gave this convenient and simple tarnish the prestige to successfully woo into several diametric grocerys. In 1900, they won an honorable award for their subvention soaps and perfumes at the Worlds Fair, which was conducted in Paris. In 1906, the 100th anniversary pronounced the success of everywhere 800 cross offs, multiplying considerably in the age to fol first gear.The years to come charter Colgate starting to think globally, by doing so through a underling in Canada, quickly followed by ope rations in Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The cultivation of new swords begins going rapidly, and what seems to be like one influential brand after the other is constantly bombarding the foodstuff. Many cleaning harvest-tides be found such as Ajax and Soupline, which was first usual in France and is now exchange in 54 countries or so the do primary(prenominal) of a function. The Palmolive dishwashing liquid was introduced in 1966 and can now be found on rack of your local grocery store. Irish Spring, Caprice hair business concern, and Protex, be brands that you are besides probably aware of, proving to still be successful to this day, and can be found in over 70 countries. In 1976, they even acquired a loss attracter in dog food named Hills, which shows to what extent they were confidently conquering the world horizontally with this wide concoctioning of products. In 1983, one of todays extremely popular products, the Colgate Plus toothbrush, is launche d. So legion(predicate) are sold annually that if you seamed them up end to end, they would circle the globe 16 times. (Colgate Website) Soon after,a joint venture is made with steer viva dish out companies in Hong Kong. Acquisitions are made purchase Murphy Oil Soap, Mennen,Kolynos vocal Care, popular in Latin America, Gaba, prevalent in Europe, and they just to a greater extent or less recently bought Toms of Maine, a US based natural toothpaste. By 1989 the annual gross taxation were surpassing 5 billion dollars, and by 1997, Colgate Total toothpaste is acknowledge as the food market leader. With gross sales today surpassing the 15$ billion benchmark, Colgate continues to be a rugged player in todays ad-lib palm market.to a greater extentover, the follow to a fault conducts three both(prenominal) bottom line practices, stretchiness for success age targeting benefits for people, gains, and the environment. They give way a You Can Make A Difference Program, which distinguishes the Colgate people for their grand swithers. Furthermore, they established Colgates HIV/AIDS initiatives in South Africa. As for coiffeance and profit, they draw been ranked in Business Week and GovernanceMetrics International Inc. as having the clear up Oral Care products. Concerning sustainable practices and respect for the environment, they contri onlyed in a 40% decrease in water use, a 22% reduction in C02 emissions, and was the first of its industry to use recycled material in Europe.Market intentness and Market AnalysisWith over 24% division parting in 2009, Colgate-Palmolive affirmed its position as a world leader in ad-lib administer followed by Procter Gamble Co with 19.9% of company fates, and GlaxoSmithKline Pc with 9.9% (GMID company percentages) (appendix with company shares graph). A significant background why Colgate benefits from the luxuriouslyest market share in the viva keeping category is due to it proud train of product t raining. They constantly launch new and innovative products, which gives them a belligerent profit in the market, and this is a big part of the companys schema driving profitable addition. For example, in 2009 the company introduced the Colgate Wisp which was the first disposable mini-toothbrush with a breath freshening bead that allows the user to slang a clean, fresh sassing with no water or rinsing. Due to their strong product development capability and focus on innovation, Colgate-Palmolive is in a position to unendingly upgrade its product line regularly, at that organizeby increasing customer trueness and revenues. another(prenominal) reason why Colgate has been able to acquire such a high market share is because of its high focus on marketing, leading to strong brand equity. Their marketing st grazegies involve offering products based on consumers needs and communicating the benefits though methods like free sampling as well as the Internet. Using this approach world wide has been successful in increasing sales but also in acquiring a larger size of the overall category of the market. A further reason why the market share is high is because the brand enjoys a strong level of consumer recognition. Therefore, they take over the possibility of draw ining leverage in new markets and maintaining dedication of real customers. In addition to cosmos a global leader in terms of company shares, Colgate Palmolive Co also has the highest brand share in oral care, with Colgate possessing 19.8% in 2009. The Colgate brand is followed by the Braun Oral-B brand having 9% of the market and because by hint obtaining 6.4% of brand shares in that same year (GMID- product development) (appendix with brand shares graph). Other smaller but still significant challengers that Colgate-Palmolive faces in the oral care category involve Johnson Johnson Inc, with their Listerine brand accounting for 6.4% of brand shares, followed by the Unilever group with Signal th at has 4.1%, and lastly GlaxoSmithKline Pc who owns the Aquafresh brand with 3.3% of brand shares. It is important to note that although the Colgate brand is experiencing emersion year after year, the oral care is a mature category with limited room for innovation. take down though in that location are some growth opportunities, because oral care accounts for around 63% of Colgate-Palmolives beauty and own(prenominal) care revenue, it is highly exposed to a slump in this category. In addition to being a mature category, the oral care products are facing a higher level of disputation from private labels, which over again hinders the profitability of the category. The increasing purchase of private labels is generally due to the decrease spending power, which is caused by the high level of unemployment in legion(predicate) sectors since the stinting downturn occurred. With a minimal cost per purchase, maintaining a high level of brand equity allows Colgate to remain competitiv e versus lower cost have-to doe withs. It also prevents recently established firms from gaining market share.With the threat of private label, Colgate cast upd their effort towards innovation and branding by promoting the fact that they are the most recommended brand by dentists. This has helped Colgate fight the competitive pressures they are facing in the market. non only does Colgate face increased competition from low-market brands but also from their major(ip) competitors such as Procter Gamble oral care products, who are also looking to expand globally in more perspective markets. Therefore, it is pristine for Colgate to continue confideing in product development catering to customer needs, in tack to face their increasing competition. There is also the come to the fore of counterfeiting oral care products which is posing a significant threat to the company in terms of revenue loss. In 2009 thousands of tubes of fake Colgate toothpaste were recalled. This had a blackb all effect on customer satisfaction since purchasers of the authentic Colgate could stop buying this brand in the future believing that it is inferior to other brands and because decreasing customer retention (Datamonitor). Despite the significant threats that Colgate faced in the oral care category, the company intends to remain in a market leading position and continues to have globally recognized brands by pursuance opportunities allowing them to do so. For instance, Colgate had begun taking wages of the economic and population growth with evolution and emerging economies such as Brazil, India and China. Each of these economies show very high growth prospects in terms of demand in the upcoming years for consumer goods like oral care products. For instance, it is expected that between 2009 and 2014, Brazil allow for be the fastest growing market in oral care by accounting for 20% of the global growth, followed by China with 18%, and India with 9%. Although Colgate-Palmolive d ominates oral care in Brazil, China and India with 44%, 26% and 38% of market share respectively, it is essential for the company to maintain and increase its presence in these economies in order to reap the benefits of this growth rate (GMID-product development) (appendix with market presence graph). However, they have already begun facing strong competition from their rivals PG and Johnson and Johnson in these countries. Local players in India and China have also begun gaining impressiveness in their individual markets. Domestic companies such as Yunnan Baiyao in China, and Dabur in Japan, have begun offering herbal/natural oral care products and there is a growing demand for them. Since Colgate is one of the most take to bed and recognized brands globally, they are in a good position to take advantage of this market and further increase their market share.Competitive Analysis of Oral Care in the Canadian MarketIn the Canadian market, as of 2009, Colgate-Palmolive was the second leading company, with 18% of the market share in the oral care sector, after PG who possessed 34%, and just before Johnson and Johnson, who owned 17% of shares (Euromonitor) (Appendix oral company shares 2005-2009). In terms of company shares by brand in Canada, in 2009, Crest led the oral care category with 18.6% of shares, followed by Colgate Total with 7.8%, Listerine with 7.1%, and Braun Oral-B with 6.4%. Refer to appendix xx for oral care brand shares.Nevertheless, during that same year, Colgate was a leader in the sales of toothpaste with 42% of the encourage share (with Colgate Total accounting for a total of 21.5%) followed by Crest with 30.2% (Appendix toothpaste brand shares). The third company was SmithKline Beecham Consumer healthcare Inc (SBCH), whose 13% market share was largely due to the introduction of Sensodyne in 2007, which was very popular in the Canadian market. In reaction to this, Colgate launched a similar toothpaste in 2009 for subtle teeth called Colg ate Pro Relief, which was clinically turn out to deliver instant and lasting relief from sensitivity. Another significant rival in the oral care category in Canada is Johnson and Johnson whom, aside from having a big presence in toothbrushes and denture care, was the leader in gargle/dental rinses with its Listerine brand, holding 52% of the value share in 2009. non far behind was Scope (PG) with 26%, and Peroxyl (Colgate) in fifth place with less than 1% share (mouthwash/dental rinses shares appendix). When looking at PG, Colgates main competitor, their portfolio of brands in oral care category is highly diversified with Crest toothpastes and toothbrushes, discolour strips Oral-B toothbrushes, and Scope mouthwashes/dental rinses. Also, like Colgate-Palmolive, PG continuously come out in strong marketing and advertising in order to maintain minute brand image and brand sense in the Canada. Therefore, in order to remain competitive and gain greater market share in the Canadian market, not only testament Colgate need to continue to authorise heavily in marketing, but a large amount exit also have to be allocated towards innovation and product development. Knowing this, the company has recently introduced a multitude of new products including Colgate 360 ActiFlex, Colgate ooze White, the re-launch of Colgate Total toothpaste and many more.Even though Colgate faces fierce competition in the Canadian market, there are many opportunities for them to exploit in order to gain market share. For instance, it is expected that tooth whitener products allow for be increasingly profitable, with a CAGR of 4% from 2009-2014 (Euromonitor). In addition, a CAGR of 3% is expected during that same period for manual(a) of arms toothbrushes, mouthwash/dental rinses and dental floss (Oral Care- Canada). Due to the increasing number of elderly people in Canada, it is expected that the denture care products entrust grow at a CAGR of 3% from 2009-2014. It is essential for Colgate that they take advantage of these relatively high growth rates in Canada for the antithetical oral care products, in order to acquire new customers and retain those who have been loyal to this day.Canadian Consumer ProfileBeing part of such a competitive market, Colgate aims to deliver maximized customer value to the market, offering a multi-product section strategy. Colgate has identified all ages with any economic backgrounds as their target market, with the most focus on the baby boomer generation. There is an increasing growth of older demographics with low rate of childbirth, and this has had a direct impact on Colgate products. This shift resulted in a larger demand for oral care products that helps tooth discolouration, tooth sensitivity, and gum problems. The baby boomers usually have the highest disposable income, and they demand special health benefits. This allows Colgate to position this departments products at a premium price. With this strategy, Colgate ha d 19.1% of sales from sensitive toothpastes in 2009, illustrating a profitable customer focus. As well, the recession in 2008 allowed Colgate to further focus their sales towards baby boomers. Due to the recession, the number of passkey tooth whitening surgeries fell, which caused an increase in the demand for whitening toothpastes. Colgate, offering a wide signifier of whitening toothpastes, was able to increase their sales in this sector, with sales of $78.2 million, which consists of 38.9% of their sales. It is also forecasted that the demand for tooth whiteners are to increase by 4% from 2009 to 2014.Not only is Colgate targeting baby boomers, but it is also targeting children to capture a long-term kin with this age group as 6.8% of sales are from childrens toothpastes. For low to middle class consumers that are price-sensitive, Colgate offers traditional toothpaste. They comprise about 6.9% of their total sales. For quality-conscious consumers, Colgate offers wide variety o f complete care toothpastes 18.2% of the sales. Colgate continues to increase brand recognition in this mature market to increase retention and the true by orderedly offering a variety of products that outperform go any customers needs.StrategyProductWith over 20 different toothpastes, 11 different toothbrushes, 5 different childrens products, 10 different tooth whitening, and 10 different oral care specialties available in Canada, Colgate has successfully gained customer obedience (see Appendix 1.1). This variety of products illustrates that Colgate has used a needs based segment strategy to attract every customer with different tastes. To list a few examples, Colgate sensible Pro-Reliefs feature of plugging and sealing open dentin tubules intends to gain interest from adults and elders whose sensitivity levels are often higher than other consumers. Moreover, Colgate Max Fresh mainly targets young adults with their different flavors and protection from bad breath. On the ot her hand, the idea of Colgate SpongeBob SquarePants Battery-Powered Toothbrushes was innovated to attract children, but it also was created with dreary bristles to protect their gums. From these following examples, it is obvious to note that Colgate is recognizing and understanding clients needs by providing the right products for each age group, which is a key factor when severe to increase loyalty and retain customers.Colgate continues to increase their value by aligning their products in all sectors of the market from toothpastes that has no animal ingredients to attract vegetarians, or toothpastes that reduce the speed of the development of tartar above the gum line, to toothbrushes that are price-conscious or designed to remove odour-causing bacteria. By providing such a variety of products, they are preventing competition and substitution.Another factor that helped Colgate gain high awareness was through innovative packaging. For example, when Colgate was trying to penetrat e the already existing whitening toothpaste market, they decided to come up with new premium packages matching their idea of creating sparkling and dazzling smiles. The toothpaste had a holographic package to catch attention. In order to go for sure of this package, they used lead users strategy, where they gained a positive(p) reaction, and therefore decided to launch the new product with this innovative packaging. Another example involves the launch of Colgate Max Fresh toothpaste in a eccentric clear tube. This new packaging was created for user convenience, so that the users know how much is left in the tube, notifying them when to replace it. With the slogan, find the right products that are ruff for you, Colgate strives to provide satisfaction to their consumers by supplying them with a range of products that meets their needs. In 2011, the company plans to continue innovation to meet consumer needs by introducing new products such as the Colgate Total Gum Defense, Colgate MaxClean SmartFoam toothpaste, Colgate 360 Surround, and Colgate Triple Action manual toothbrushes (http//investor.colgate.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=545863ReleaseType=Earnings)/PromotionIn order for Colgate to maintain its value in this competitive market, Colgate spent a total of $1,534 million in 2009. This expenditure was largely involved with the furtherance of new, growing, and maturing products. When launching a new product, such as Colgate 360 toothbrush, their advertising target was to be informative and persuasive. They used advertising, sales promotion, as well as the publicity approach, including advertising through cable T.V., consumer magazines, providing product samples, and utilizing point of purchase. Furthermore, they used lead user strategy, which helped create great word-of-mouth. (dentist recommended brand)Even though promoting new products is important, Colgate believes that it is also crucial to continue advertising the existing products in the maturit y stage. Rather than promoting in order to be informative, objective for products in this stage involve successfully reminding the consumers in order to create greater retention. Reminding the consumers is essential since this helps consumers acknowledge Colgate products existence and availability, while preventing them from switching to their competitors. Through using the take away strategy, Colgate has invested a great deal of their revenue to sales promotion, personal selling, and direct marketing. By using extensive chaw marketing, consumer promotion at point of purchase, and organizing special events where they aim to build one-on-one relationship and increase net marketing contribution.PricingColgate-Palmolives oral care component offers a variety of toothpastes, toothbrushes, mouth rinses and dental floss. These products are characterized as being low priced, requiring minimal buyer effort, and are subject to mass dissemination and promotion by the producer. Typically w ith these sorts of low-involvement products, price plays the most significant image in the decision-making process. However, recent consumer trends suggest an added perceived value of certain oral hygiene product attributes, in particular the newly launched whitening, sensitive, and total care products, which now account for over 76% of the value share of toothpastes in 2009. With price being the most flexible of the four marketing mix elements and changes in consumer trends, Colgate has authentic dozens of different brand extensions at different prices ranging from $1.685 (per 100ml) to $5.871 (per 100ml) to reflect these changing demands (see appendix for further detail). Colgate therefore is primarily employing value-based determine for these products as production costs do not significantly vary. Colgate has been curiously successful in doing so as people tend to be reassured when they buy a more pricey hygiene product, for they make the assumption that it is the best possi ble thing they can do for their teeth. However, with families and consumers modify budgets and reducing consumption as a result of the continuing acerb economic climate, it will become harder for manufacturers such as Colgate to continue to plague prices for most oral hygiene products, even advanced formulations, as consumers will readily switch to similar competitors or private label brands. Toothbrushes, on the other hand, face different consumer behaviors. Despite the economic climate, Colgate has employed a similar value-based pricing strategy in its toothbrushes by introducing improved manual toothbrushes that are claimed to be superior to its basic predecessors, and therefore carry a higher price tag. Colgate manual toothbrushes sold at a variety of retailers range from $1.99 to $5.99. This strategy has been particularly successful as Canadian consumers have developed loyalty to their brand of toothbrush for they sense a more significant difference between the regular and i mproved toothbrushes, thusly dissuading many from switching or trading down, thus increasing consumer lifetime value and profitability. Colgate is also catering to more health conscious but price-sensitive consumers by increasingly introducing affordable electric toothbrushes.DistributionBeing low priced, and requiring low consumer effort, Colgate products must be mass distributed and accessible to most if not all Canadians. Colgate employs an intensive dispersion strategy aimed at a maximum market coverage which supports the application of product replenishment based on pull strategies, as these come closest to reflecting true consumer demand. Research suggests supermarkets are the largest distribution points for toothpaste as well as other oral care products, followed by mass merchandisers and drug stores. With that in mind, it would simply not be in force(p) for Colgate to sell immediately to small distributors, therefore Colgate products often go through at least one wholesa ler before reaching the shelves of our supermarkets. Colgate does but, directly sell to some of the larger retailer concatenations such as Wal-Mart, who purchase in such large volumes that it is more efficient to do so. Colgate therefore operates in what is called a parallel distribution network in which some retailers are forced to buy through a mass distributor while others are not. However, Colgate is working closely with small frequent owners and local wholesalers through Joint Business Plans to ensure greater availability of Colgate products, as well as to provide the right assortment of products with the best visibility on the store shelves. Prior to distribution, while Colgate products are produced around the world, use of contract manufacturers is very limited as more than 90% of products were made in Colgate facilities. Colgate does concede however that the use of contractors often allows to optimize their supply chain capabilities, deliver innovative technologies, incre ase speed of delivery, and curiously increases flexibility which is key in a rapidly changing marketplace. Three-year globalization contracts with their main suppliers enabled a reduction of the supplier base from 11 to 4 suppliers. For a key toothpaste ingredient, the supplier base was reduced from 7 to 3 to help achieve record savings and cost reductions. With optimized supply chain logistics and control over the manufacturing process, Colgate products are quick to move from their respective factories to stores all throughout Canada. In five years, Colgate managed to cut its time from product supposition to retail shelves by 50%.ResultsColgate-Palmolives CEO, Ian Cook, claims that his firm will continue to perform well given the current competitive and economic challenges and are attached to investing and growing our business and expanding our strong market positions (A-R 2009). Interestingly enough, Colgate-Palmolives company shareholders equity has bounced back from a ten year low, in millions, of 350 in 2002 to 3,116 as of 2009. Colgate-Palmolive (C-P) has clearly proven itself as a successful and innovative company year after year with solid financial results and undifferentiated growth. In fact, the company claims to have obtained significantly superior results versus the SP index and the come of selected competition over the last 25 years. C-P obtained 3328% versus 2833% growth among competitors. Against the SP index the results are even greater compared with a 969% return to shareholders (Colgate TSRG). In Canada, Colgate-Palmolives launch of Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief has been quite successful. It is now the number one selling SKU and the firms number one competitor has reacted with deep discounting, though Colgate maintains that they have taken market share away once the subsidies cease. They plan to invest and grow while still seeking to further already strong market positions. operate revenue has increased for Colgate Palmolive steadily over the last 5 years. Although revenues from pecuniary year 2009 were virtually unchanged from 2008, operating cash flow was up over 43% in 2009. The firm has consistently maintained its gross profit as a percentage of sales above the 50% threshold, reaching close to 60% in both 2009 and 2010. In addition, diluted shekels per share have seen 65.5% growth from 2004 to 2009. EXPLAIN WHAT THE NUMBERS MEANAs of C-Ps last quarter, northeastern America formed approximately 19% of sales and unit volume grew 3.5% and 4.0%. Operating profit increased 22%. Although the 2010 annual report and official audited results have yet to be released as to date, fiscal year 2010 worldwide sales were $15,564 million, up 1.5% versus full year 2009. Operating cash flow in 2010 was lower by 2% to $3,211 million, a considerable drop compared to the aforementioned 43% increase in 2009. However, North America remains sluggish, where operating profit decreased 8%. inform sales gains were 2%, with a 3.5% increa se in volume while accepting 2.5% increase in coupons and promotions. C-Ps free cash flow, before dividends, does however remain very strong consistent with 2009 it exceeded 100% of net income. network income and diluted EPS for fiscal year 2010 were $2,203 million and $4.31, versus $2,291 million and $4.37 in 2009.From the program line of Cash flows, in is clear C-P has been increasingly using debt to increased capital. issuance from issuance of debt having increased approximately 3.5 billion and 231.4 % from 2007-10 with net cash used in financing activities also increased 45.5%. Capital expenditures have remained consistent since 2007. Despite increases in net income, depreciation and amortization have remained truehearted over the last 5 years, with no unusual increase or decrease. Total assets are also virtually unchanged from 2009 to 2010. In their 2008 annual report, Colgate stated that they spent over $1.6 billion marketing its products around the world. In other words, Colgate is spending an amount nearly equal to the book value of its equity capital, which accounts for about 11% of total sales, every year on marketing its products. This is evidently a significant amount of capital that will be creating value for the firm in future business. For a competitor to replicate this company, C-P claims that they would have to spend quaternarys of this amount to establish and develop the relationships that they have acquired over many years. They claim that the same is true for certain general, administrative, and look for and development expenses all of which are being expensed as incurred. In evaluating the firms results, it is thus imperative to include the intrinsic value of marketing efforts.RecommendationsAccording to oral care forecasts in Canada, Colgate should definitely continue to maintain its position as a domestic leader in toothpaste since it represents the highest level of sales in the Canadian market. This can be done successfully by dev eloping new products and affectively marketing each one respectively. Colgate should then focus on manual toothbrushes because they have the second highest level of sales, followed by dental rinses, tooth whiteners and then denture care, which do in fact show growth but at more modest levels of sales. Secondly, while basic products provide the essential means of oral care, more expensive value-added products provide convenience and alleviate to the consumers ready to pay higher prices, such as babyboomers. People usually tend to be reassured when they buy a more expensive product, because they feel assured that its the best possible thing they can do for their teeth. In addition to new product development, companies will focus on marketing and advertising support of their existing brands.Colgate should continue to remain on the high end scale of the oral care industry and maintain position in the high end category. Moreover, with respect to the Canadian market, they should invest m ore heavily in the mouthwashes considering that they have no market share while sales are the third highest in the oral care category after toothpaste and toothbrushes.As previously mentioned, the toothpaste market is generally not price sensitive and brand loyalty plays an important role in majority of the customers. Currently nearly 97% of the population in developed countries uses at least one variety of toothpaste. This gives marketers virtually no station to expand the market with new users. Consequently, adding or increasing value to the product is the preferred alternative. Technological progress made in recent years alter the toothpaste segment and made innovation a driving force. New advancements have led to the launch of a variety of high-priced, value-added multifunctional products in several oral care categories such as toothpastes and toothbrushes. Whitening toothpastes and products offering multiple functions are driving growth in the dentifrices segment. Currently, for major toothpastes, averting tooth moulder is not sufficient, therefore guaranteeing benefits such as fresher breath, healthier gums and whiter teeth. More comprehensive products such as Colgate Total have strengthened Colgate-Palmolives market position substantially. Technological advancements in recent years have altered the toothpaste segment to one that offers additional benefits besides just fighting cavities. This made manufacturers roll out products with a lot of additional features that were not available previously. Over three-fourths of net sales come from outside coupled States, so in future years strengthening market position worldwide will be integral to triumph over the competition. In addition, the considerable revenues from international operations are key to sustaining the firms value proposition, as product innovation has revitalized the oral care market in recent years. To ensure future success Colgate must continue to invest in product in

Barclays Bank SWOT Analysis

Barclays Bank SWOT AnalysisBarclays was started by the British imperium and it characterizes as the British jargoning from twentieth century. Barclays appeargond as the largest till of Britain in 1950. receivable to the ferocious opposition in 1980 and because of its lending policies Barclays banking became imprudent. Later on Barclays built its empire in 50 countries.Innovation and adoption of healthy market strategies leaded the Barclays as one of the largest banks all around the world. Main aim of Barclays is to give value to the clients and clients. Barclays has employed almost 135,000 workers in 50 countries. It offers dedicate go to small and medium businesses. Barclays income before tax is approximately 7 billion. This profit returns shows the well-grounded portfolio direction of business. Services that be providing by bank argon unique and modern.Ambition of Barclays is to manufacture one of the leading banks in all over the world and to set aside the work t o the monetary assiduity globally. Meaning thereby, providing full and innovative retail and wholesale work to the nodes. Barclays schema focuses on the identification of needs of customers and then providing them services accordingly. Barclays follows the principle of devising profit, investing that profit and hence growing.BARCLAYS SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsStrength of the ships resoundr is usurpn as the internal element. The energy factor represents and focuses those elements within the company that croak the knock come out points of that pertaining company. Barclays is founded in 1896 and it is enjoying benefits from the strong penet symmetryn exists in the banking application. Barclays is providing its services in 50 different countries. Barclays group is one of the leading and quickly growing groups in the world. Main strength of Barclays is that in banking sector and by asset base it is the ordinal largest bank. And in market capitalization persuasion it is thi rd largest bank in United landed estate. Barclays has the wide customers base and strong growth base in all over the world.Barclays networking for the distribution is truly strong and it has multi-channels available for distribution networking. Branches, automatic teller machines, online banking services, on phone banking services and its relationship managers argon all considered as its sources and channels of networking.Barclays workers and employees be much(prenominal) innovative and are more passionate towards their work. One of the strength factors of the bank is its operational efficiency. Physical and pecuniary resources available to banks are rattling slap-up. Its trading operations are well modify. Barclays diversified operations include the retail banking, consumer lending, home financing, lending to small and medium enterprises, corporate banking, banking in investings and asset management.Barclays was the first bank that launched and introduced the ascribe display panels in United Kingdom and till then Barclays reproach name has embedded in the minds of the customers. tight brand name has become the strength of the Barclays bank now. Bank has carried out its operations in credit card line with the suffice of the sponsorship that was endured by the English premier league.Financial performance of Barclays bank is very good. It lodge ins help of technology for improving its banking services as it gives response electronically to the queries of clients. Barclays provides innovative financial services to the clients by using the breeding technology. It is providing online security so that thefts and frauds entrust be prevented. For this security Barclays bank is using different software. imposter cases will be avoided by using the software.Barclays bank is geographicly diversified bank and it performs its business operations in different countries. Branches of Barclays are astray string out in all over the worlds. Bank takes the benefit from the geographical diversification and it spreads its risks widely across the countries and gets emolument of the economies of scales.Opening of new branches of Barclays bank and renovation of the branches in different countries will attract the clients and will kick upstairs and boost the performance of Barclays banks. Barclay applies different marketing tools kindred product com assortment and gives wideness to the services that are provided to clients and hence focuses more on the customer relationship management.WeaknessesWeaknesses are the internal factor of the company. Company is touched adversely because of the presence of these elements. Company should try to eradicate these negative factors in disposition to enhance its business performance. Impairment charges in Barclays bank are very game. These charges occur out-of-pocket to the impairments of loans, more chances of bankruptcy and poor loan recovery management. Bank efforts for the recovery of loan from businesses and credit cards are non good.Barclays brand image has change a lot by the un honest activities and wrong promotion of bank by means of advertisement. Barclays was in any case fined for these unhealthy and adverse promotions. more than controversies and questions arouse due to that brand image. due to this deteriorating and bad brand image, Barclays performance has affected a lot. Investors give more importance to the ethical issues and after these unhealthy activities more investors drew their investments back from the bank.Banks capital ratio is less than the average industriousness ratio. Bank screw face clog in the case of financial crises due to this low capital ratio. Due to the inefficiency of operations, bank has low return on assets and less profit margins. furthermore Barclays exist on income is more as compare to a nonher(prenominal) banks. More cost income ratio of bank represents the inefficiency of the business operations of the bank. Barclay s failed to cope up with the integration between information technology, business processes and brand. It did non wee supremacy in the planned synergies and outcomes.Barclays has few branches in the region of Asia. Banking industry is appear and growing in Asia. Barclays did not take these openings in account and this is considered to be the strategical negligence of the bank. Bank fire avail opportunity by opening the branches in Asian countries. Bank is buy offing large bonuses and incentives to its directors and this has become the source of criticism.Banks dividend insurance policy is less attractive to the investors and as Barclays is paying fewer dividends to its investors. Banks marketing strategy is not up to the mark and people are less aware of the bank due to the absence of marketing campaigns and promotions. Barclays are paying less consideration towards the adoption of the modern technology and equipments. sales promotions of Barclays are not striking the cust omers attention they need to be improved.OpportunitiesOpportunities are external factor for the company. As the name indicates this element identifies the opportunities available in the market for the company. Company drive out gain competitive edge on other companies by availing and utilizing the opportunities available to it. Numerous opportunities are available to Barclays due to the addition trend of globalization. Banks are performing their operations globally and Barclays can take benefit from this substantiative outlook of globalization. With the growth of the global banking industry Barclays being the leading and well positioned financial institution can knead the financial market by expanding its deposit base.Barclays can take advantage of emerging economies by strengthening its positions in the retail and commercial banking operations in those growing economies. Diverse opportunities for the growth of revenues are available in United Kingdom for Barclay. Trend of corpo rate lending is also annex and Barclays can exploit this opportunities by giving more loans to corporate sector. operative efficiency of Barclays can be increase by applying the good asset management principles.Increase in mergers, acquisitions and renovations in banking industry give the positive opening to banks. Barclays can utilize this opportunity as investment banking industry is expected to expand and it can increase its operating cash flows by making acquisitions. Due to off shoring of financial institutions cost of investment has decreased. Banks are opening their branches in those countries that are less costly to receive the cost efficiencies. Barclays can fortify its working in Asian banking industries like in Indian market in order to achieve the cost efficiencies and to gain more profit and return margins.Objective of Barclays is to provide the good services to customer worldwide. This objective provides lots of opportunities to Barclays like cross-selling its produ cts across many countries. Barclays can exploit, expand its branches, avail opportunities and set its operation in the Asian banking industry. Barclays can use high tech-technology by adding more websites that contains sufficient information of Barclays banking.Provision of welfare is also ceased in those countries where the cost to the government has increased but Barclays can make use of the trend of provision by itself. Barclays can attract more investors by formulating good dividend policies and by providing good returns to the shareholders. Use of good marketing strategy like product mix enhances the efficiency of the business and Barclays can use the tools and techniques of good marketing strategies for grabbing the customers attention. Barclay can also take hold of other banks customer by providing good services that conforms to the need of the customer.Cost efficiencies can be gained by Barclays by dint of the opening of branches in the low cost locations like in Asian coun tries. Integration of business processes with the information technology can provide more synergy and success to the bank. Barclays can strengthen its brand image by conducting more marketing campaigns, advertisements and promotions. little terrorsThreats are also the external element of the company. Threat factor in the SWOT analysis diverts the attention of the company towards the pertaining risks in market. Company has to avoid these threats by taking precautionary measures against them. Financial markets bring on become volatile in recent few years. This financial threat affects the investment opportunities in markets. Investors are hesitant to invest in financial institutions due to the financial volatility. Barclays revenues from investments are also affected by this fluid market behavior.Interest rates fluctuations discourage the consumer to take the services of credit cards. When interest rate fluctuates rapidly then consumer becomes conservative and does not take the cred it card borrowings. Barclays credit card facilities are also affected by these fluctuations as many consumers are not availing the credit card borrowings now.Barclays has also threat from other foreign banks as these banks can take high proportion and percentage of the total assets within the banking industry and can decrease the market shares of Barclays bank.Barclays has to face many challenges before acquiring the comparable size bank or institution as it has failed to acquire the princely bank of Scotland and there are chances due to this reason that workers of Barclays bank will resist the integration and acquisition of bank.Internet and online banking frauds are increasing with the increase in the awareness of the technology. These frauds are done through system hacking, emails and through telephonic calls. Barclays can suffer a lot from this threat in future.Barclays can be sued as it is famous of making wrong investments from its deposits and from other investments. Barcla ys has to give proper consideration towards these decisions in future. Bank can go in the state of bankruptcy if these wrong investments decisions of Barclays will continue in the future.More threats are present to bank due to the vicious competition in the banking industry as customers can go to other banks for the same product because of the other banks specialized approach. Customers are demanding more innovative products and it has become difficult for the bank to cope up with these rapid innovations. Bank has to go for online products and different products mix for gaining the customers attention towards its products.Expansion of branches in Asian countries seems to be risky for Barclays and this situation depicts that other financial institutions in banking industry are in more strong positions than Barclays. Barclays is also facing threats from investment as Barclays dividend policy is least attractive to the investors and it is not giving good dividends to investors on thei r shares. Barclays can face difficulty in gaining the investors attention if it will not amend its dividend policy.Barclays can face threat in terms of its customer service from other competitors like if competitors are advertising their customer services and their care about the customers then Barclays can lose it customers and to retain the customers Barclays has to provide higher level of services than its competitors.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSBarclays is one of the largest financial service groups in United Kingdom. Barclays image has become imprudent due to its ineffective policy structure. It was founded in 1896. In market capitalization perspectives and asset base it is third largest bank in United Kingdom. Barclays has good availability of human and financial resources. Barclays has launched and introduced the credit cards first time in United Kingdom. set up of credit card has embedded the good brand image of Barclays in all over the world.Barclays networking of distr ibution channels are very strong. Banks branches, online banking services and its customer relationship management are considered as its networking sources. Bank has branches in different countries so it can take benefit of diversifications and can spread its risks widely across these countries. Barclays can take advantage from acquisitions and mergers and can increase its operating cash flows. By off shoring Barclays can gain and enjoy the benefit of cost efficiencies. This cost efficiencies can be availed by opening branches in low cost locations like in Asian countries.Barclays should improve its loan recovery management and should reduce the chances for the loans impairments. Bank should pay heed on its advertisement as its brand image has affected a lot by adverse promotions. Banks should improve its asset management operations and its profit margin ratio. Dividend policy of Barclays in not efficient and its dividend payout ratio is not good. Investors demand good return on th eir investments and if they do not get good dividends then there is large hazard that they will draw out their investments bank. Also sales promotions of Barclays are not grabbing the customer attentions.Barclays investment opportunities have adversely affected due to the high volatility in financial markets. Investors are taking out their funds from market due to interest rates rapid fluctuations. Barclays revenues are also affected by this market volatility. Barclays should make use of high and more innovative technologies as fraud cases in banking industry is increasing. Barclays should improve its strategic decisions because it is famous of making wrong investments. Bank can suffer a great loss due to these wrong investment decisions. Bank should provide more innovative products and good services to customers. It should give more importance on the customer relationship management for the retention of loyal customers.

Exercise Training for Diabetic Neuropathy

Exercise Training for diabetic NeuropathyField of ResearchPreventive and RehabilitationTopic of Research dexterity of operate training along with stand Orthotic intervention in disposeing the natural course of diabetic computer skirting(prenominal) neuropathy.Brief Introduction and Literature redirect examinationdiabetic meantat UlcersDiabetic myelitis is a group of chronic metabolic diseases caused by insufficient production of Insulin, results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Diabetic mellitus croupe be classified into fictitious character I or Insulin dependent Diabetic mellitus drop deads due to autoimmune destruction of insulin secreting cell in the pancreas. The Type II Diabetic mellitus or Non insulin Dependent Diabetic mellitus, which is characterized by increase insulin repellant and relative lack of insulin(Kumar et al 2005).It was estimated 381 billion people suffering globally from Diabetics in 2013, among which 90% cases ar Type II. The South Asian countries are having the grittyest number of diabetic patient ofs in the world, with highest numbers in India and China(IDF).The peripheral case damage a good deal involved in diabetic patient, affecting 60% of patients with Type I and Type II diabetes. In many in offices, roughly of the patient had already some mild to severe form of peripheral neuropathies at the time of diagnosis (Boulton AJ et al 1998). The symptom in includes numbness, titillating or burning emotion, extreme sensitivity to touch, and insensitive to hot and trouble oneself in hands and feet.Diabetic Neuropathic feet- Biomechancial prison-breaking.For normal stride, everyone requires the integrated function of stunning and motor functions. The sensory input to adapt and modify the motor rig to optimize ideal gait pattern. In addition, there should be a fully functional bone and reefers with adequate muscle strength, are besides vital(Aminian K at al., 2002).Futhermore, the muscle weakness, anesthesia and loss of proprioception alters the stern biomechanics, often leads to changes in mobility, gait and counterpoise. In this way, peripheral neuropathy directly contributes to joint subluxation and lack of accommodation to ground reaction force. These changes put the patient vulnerable for nucleotide deformities and foot injuries. understructure injuries are being considered as dangerous to diabetics because peripheral neuropathy and superimposed impaired circulation makes wound healing delayed and complicated, increase the take chances of repeated infection. These might ultimately lead to amputation of the affected limb.The structural changes occur within the ligament, capsule and tendons of foot joints. The collagens of ligament, capsule and tendon disorganized, lose its snap and tensile strength, and become more stiff (Grant WP 1996). The resultant foot joint immobility, leads to abnormal biomechanics, thus further results in either joint subluxation or the stake of injury. Therefore, it is imperative to lay the biomechanical faults are an important component in the overall care of diabetic foot.The biomechanical examination includes neutral cal dischargeeal stance position(NCSP), relaxed calcaneal stance position(RCSP), Rang of Ankle joint dorsiflexion, position and mobility of the first ray, Forefoot to rearfoot relationship, surf of motion at first MTPJ, Foot Pasture Index, Functional great toe test (FHT), Limb length examination and plantar hug examination. A direct correlation between ulcer and areas of high pressure has been schematic (Veves A 1992).A fundamental part of the physical examine involves reexamination of the plantar aspect of the foot for any discrete or unfold calluses that whitethorn indicate focal areas of high pressure or areas of change magnitude shear forces.The sensory testing with Semmes -Weinstein Monofilaments (SWFs) should be appraiseed to identify the people at high risk of ulcer. It was fo und that 5.07 Semmes -Weinstein Monofilaments more sensitive in discover patient with risks of plantar ulcers(Pham H et al 2000).Foot Orthotics intervention for biomechnical faultThe functional and accomodative foot orthosis has been a well accepted method of handling for patient with neurologically impaired foot for a few decades(C. S. Nicolopoulos, B. W. Scott, P. V. Giannoudis 2000 .H Cross et al,1996 battle of Hastings MK 2006). These foot orthotic intervention decreases peak plantar pressure by evenly distributing the body weight into the ground.Foot orthosis is a biomechanical device that controls the degree of pronation and supination of the foot while walking and running. By addressing the foot biomechanical fault in patients with foot orthosis, not only prevent the plantar ulcers and it also improve their inclination to physical do work, which can prevent or modify the peripheral neuropathy of a diabetic patient.Exercise and Peripheral NeuropathyBased on published eviden ce, can benefit from regular participation in mild to moderate aerobic, resistance, and balance activities in presenting the onset or modify the natural history diabetic peripheral neuropathy(Colberg SR 2014 Balducci S 2006). StefanoBalducci, et al found that a operative difference in nerve conductivity parameters in Sural and peroneal nervousness between experimental and control groups(StefanoBalducci, 2006)Outcome beakNerve conductivity Study (NCS)Compound Muscle achievement Potentials(CMAP), Compound Sensory Action Potentials(CSNP), and distal latencies of Peroneal and Sural nerve of both lower limbs will be measured as per the standardized procedure((DeLisa, 1994 Misra Kalita, 2006 Nasseri et al., 1998). frisson Perception Thershold (VPT)Sense of shakiness of the plantar side of big toe will be assessed exploitation Vibrometer. There are many published evidence to suggest that oscillation perception threshold measure can be usefully and accurately identify risks of diab etic neuropathy(Garrow AP et al, 2006 Catherine L 2010)Quantitative Warmth Cold magician AssessmentMichigan Diabetic Neuropathy ScoreObjective of the StudyTo assess biomechanical passing of foot in preventing foot related problem in diabetic feet.To develop clinical long term exercise government activity in preventing diabetic induced peripheral neuropathyTo ascertain Orthotic intervention for biomechanical deviation of foot in enhancing patient bond paper to exercise programs.To develop a clinical exercise light beam to enhance functional outcome of diabetic induced peripheral neuropathy of the feet.To identify the effectiveness of clinical exercise tool to achieve manipulation goalsTo study the reliability and validity of clinical exercise tool in the clinical setting.Methodology of the StudyPhase IA systematic review and biomechanical analysis (Deformity, muscle patterns, and plantar pressure) are needed to understand biomechanial and functional aspect of neuropathic feet of a diabetic patient in comparison with healthy subjects. This analysis is crucial in ontogenesis an understanding of possible foot orthotic intervention to prevent undue pressure of anesthetic feet during weight being phase of gait.Phase IIThe effective exercise intervention protocol is needed to achieve desirable treatment goals. Therefore, in this phase, will focus development of the exercise protocol aimed to modify or prevent diabetic neuropathy. Besides, each patient with biomechanical deviation interact with appropriate functional and or conjunct foot Orthosis. Nerve conduction studies Amplitude, distal latency, velocity and Vibration Perception threshold (VPT) and Semmens- Weinstein monofilaments touch, pressure sensation of both lower limbs will be recorded for all patients as a baseline.Phase IIITo test the validity and reliability of exercise protocol and foot orthosis in preventing or modifying diabetic neuropathy Nerve conduction studies, VPT and Semmens- Weinstei n monofilaments touch, pressure sensationContributionThis study, perhaps, may lead to improve or modify the natural course of diabetic neuropathy in patients at the risk or diagnosed peripheral neuropathy in diabetics. Orthotics intervention by means of accommodative / functional foot orthosis for the biomechanically abnormal foot helps the patient in preventing flat ulcers and aggravation of deformity. Besides, the foot orthotic intervention also might enhance the adherence to mild to moderate aerobic, resistance and balance activities. The finding from this study may provide better understanding of long term exercise protocol along with foot functional othosis in preventing or modifying diabetic neuropathy.Timeline/ Plan of StudyBrief BibliographyBoulton AJ, Malik RA. Diabetic neuropathy.Med Clin North Am. Jul 199882(4)909-29Aminian K, Najafi B, Bula C, Leyvraz P, Robert P. Spatio-temporal parameters of gait measured by an ambulatory system using miniature gyroscopes. J Biomech. 2 00235689-99.Shaw JE, train Schie CH, Carrington AL, Abbott CA, Boulton AJ. An analysis of dynamic forces transmitted through the foot in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 199821(11)1955-9.Yavuzer G, Yetkin I, Toruner FB, Koca N, Bolukbasi N. Gait deviations of patients with diabetes mellitus looking beyond peripheral neuropathy. Eura Medicophys. 200642(2)127-33.Mueller MJ, Minor SD, Sahrmann SA, Schaaf JA, Strube MJ. Differences in the gait characteristics of patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy compared with age-matched controls. Phys Ther. 199474(4)299-308 tidings 309-13.Petrofsky J, Lee S, Bweir S. Gait characteristics in people with compositors case 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Appl Physiol. 200593(5-6)640-7.Electron microscopic investigation of the effects of diabetes mellitus on the Achilles tendon. Grant WP, Sullivan R, Sonenshine DE, Adam M, Slusser JH, Carson KA, Vinik AI J Foot Ankle Surg. 1997 Jul-Aug 36(4)272-8 discussion 330.Colberg SR,Vinik AI, Exercisin g with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy what health care providers and diabetic patients need to know, Phys Sportsmed.2014 Feb42(1)15-23. doi 10.3810/psm.2014.02.2043.Balducci S,Iacobellis G,Parisi L,Di Biase N,Calandriello E,Leonetti F,Fallucca F.Exercisetraining can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. JDiabetesComplications.2006 Jul-Aug20(4)216-23.The risk of foot ulceration in diabetic patients with high foot pressure a prospective study. Veves A, Murray HJ, Young MJ, Boulton AJ Diabetologia. 1992 Jul 35(7)660-3.Pham H,Armstrong DG,Harvey C,Harkless LB,Giurini JM,Veves A. Screening techniques to identify people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration a prospective multicenter trial. DiabetesCare.2000 May23(5)606-11.Cross H,Kulkarni VN,Dey A,Rendall G. Plantar ulceration in patients with leprosy. J Wound Care.1996 Oct5(9)406-11.Hastings MK,Mueller MJ,Pilgram TK,Lott DJ,Commean PK,Johnson JE. Effect of metatarsal pad position on plantar pressure in pe ople with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy. Foot Ankle Int.2007 Jan28(1)84-8.Misra, U. K., Kalita, J. (2006). clinical application of EMG and nerve conduction Clinical neurophysiology (2nd ed.). New Delhi Elsevier, 8084.DeLisa, J. A. (1994). Lower extremity nerves. Manual of nerve conduction velocity and clinical neurophysiology (3rd ed.)USA Raven Press Limited, 122144.Nasseri, K., Strijers, R. L. M., Dekhuijzen, L. S., Buster, M., Bertelsmann, F. W., et al. (1998). Reproducibility of different methods for diagnose and monitoring diabetic neuropathy. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 295299.Garrow AP ,Boulton AJ. Vibration perception thresholda valuable perspicacity of neural dysfunction in people with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2006 Sep-Oct22(5)411-9.Catherine L. Martin, MS,Barbara H. Waberski, MS,Rodica Pop-Busui, MD, PHD,Patricia A. Cleary, MS,Sarah Catton, RN,James W. Albers, MD, PHD,Eva L. Feldman, MD, PHD,William H. Herman, MD, MPH,Vibratio n Perception limen as a Measure of Distal parallel Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 Dia Vibration Perception Threshold as a Measure of Distal Symmetrical Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 DiabetesVibration Perception Therosholdas a Measure of Distal Symentrical Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetics, Diabetes Care.Dec 201033(12) 26352641.Vibration Perception Threshold as a Measure of Distal Symmetrical Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 DiabetesVibration Perception Threshold as a Measure of Distal Symmetrical Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes