Typhoid Mary, Who Spread Typhoid in Early 1900s

Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869–November 11, 1938), known as Typhoid Mary, was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks. Since Mary was the first healthy carrier of typhoid fever recognized in the United States, she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease—so she tried to fight back. Fast Facts: Mary Mallon ('Typhoid Mary') Known For: Unknowing (and knowing) carrier of typhoid feverBorn: September 23, 1869 in Cookstown, IrelandParents: John and Catherine Igo MallonDied: November 11, 1938 in the Riverside Hospital, North Brother Island, BronxEducation: UnknownSpouse: NoneChildren: None Early Life Mary Mallon was born on September 23, 1869, in Cookstown, Ireland; her parents were John and Catherine Igo Mallon, but other than that, little is known of her life. According to what she told friends, Mallon emigrated to America in 1883, around the age of 15, living with an aunt and uncle. Like most Irish immigrant women, Mallon found a job as a domestic servant. Finding she had a talent for cooking, Mallon became a cook, which paid better wages than many other domestic service positions. Cook for the Summer Vacation For the summer of 1906, New York banker Charles Henry Warren wanted to take his family on vacation. They rented a summer home from George Thompson and his wife in Oyster Bay, Long Island. The Warrens hired Mary Mallon to be their cook for the summer. On August 27, one of the Warrens daughters became ill with typhoid fever. Soon, Mrs. Warren and two maids became ill as well, followed by the gardener and another Warren daughter. In total, six of the 11 people in the house came down with typhoid. Since the common way typhoid spread was through water or food sources, the owners of the home feared they would not be able to rent the property again without first discovering the source of the outbreak. The Thompsons first hired investigators to find the cause, but they were unsuccessful. George Soper, Investigator The Thompsons then hired George Soper, a civil engineer with experience in typhoid fever outbreaks. It was Soper who believed the recently hired cook, Mary Mallon, was the cause. Mallon had left the Warren house approximately three weeks after the outbreak. Soper began to research her employment history for more clues. Soper was able to trace Mallons employment history back to 1900. He found that typhoid outbreaks had followed Mallon from job to job. From 1900 to 1907, Soper found that Mallon had worked at seven jobs in which 22 people had become ill, including one young girl who died with typhoid fever shortly after Mallon had come to work for them. Soper was satisfied that this was much more than a coincidence; yet, he needed stool and blood samples from Mallon to scientifically prove she was the carrier. Capture  of Typhoid Mary In March 1907, Soper found Mallon working as a cook in the home of Walter Bowen and his family. To get samples from Mallon, he approached her at her place of work.   I had my first talk with Mary in the kitchen of this house. ... I was as diplomatic as possible, but I had to say I suspected her of making people sick and that I wanted specimens of her urine, feces and blood. It did not take Mary long to react to this suggestion. She seized a carving fork and advanced in my direction. I passed rapidly down the long narrow hall, through the tall iron gate, ... and so to the sidewalk. I felt rather lucky to escape. This violent reaction from Mallon did not stop Soper; he proceeded to track  Mallon to her home. This time, he brought an assistant (Dr. Bert Raymond Hoobler) for support. Again, Mallon became enraged, made clear they were unwelcome and shouted expletives at them as they made a hurried departure. Realizing it was going to take more persuasiveness than he was able to offer, Soper handed his research and hypothesis over to Hermann Biggs at the New York City Health Department. Biggs agreed with Sopers hypothesis. Biggs sent Dr. S. Josephine Baker to talk to Mallon. Mallon, now extremely suspicious of these health officials, refused to listen to Baker, who then returned with the aid of five police officers and an ambulance. Mallon was prepared this time. Baker describes the scene: Mary was on the lookout and peered out, a long kitchen fork in her hand like a rapier. As she lunged at me with the fork, I stepped back, recoiled on the policeman and so confused matters that, by the time we got through the door, Mary had disappeared. Disappear is too matter-of-fact a word; she had completely vanished. Baker and the police searched the house. Eventually, footprints were spotted leading from the house to a chair placed next to a fence. Over the fence was a neighbors property. They spent five hours searching both properties, until, finally, they found a tiny scrap of blue calico caught in the door of the area way closet under the high outside stairway leading to the front door. Baker describes the emergence of Mallon from the closet: She came out fighting and swearing, both of which she could do with appalling efficiency and vigor. I made another effort to talk to her sensibly and asked her again to let me have the specimens, but it was of no use. By that time she was convinced that the law was wantonly persecuting her, when she had done nothing wrong. She knew she had never had typhoid fever; she was maniacal in her integrity. There was nothing I could do but take her with us. The policemen lifted her into the ambulance and I literally sat on her all the way to the hospital; it was like being in a cage with an angry lion. Mallon was taken to the Willard Parker Hospital in New York. There, samples were taken and examined; typhoid bacilli was found in her stool. The health department then transferred Mallon to an isolated cottage (part of the Riverside Hospital) on North Brother Island (in the East River near the Bronx). Can the Government Do This? Mary Mallon was taken by force and against her will and was held without a trial. She had not broken any laws. So how could the government lock her up in isolation indefinitely? Thats not easy to answer. The health officials were basing their power on sections 1169 and 1170 of the Greater New York Charter: The board of health shall use all reasonable means for ascertaining the existence and cause of disease or peril to life or health, and for averting the same, throughout the city. [Section 1169] Said board may remove or cause to be removed to [a] proper place to be by it designated, any person sick with any contagious, pestilential or infectious disease; shall have exclusive charge and control of the hospitals for the treatment of such cases. [Section 1170] This charter was written before anyone knew of healthy carriers—people who seemed healthy but carried a contagious form of a disease that could infect others. Health officials believed healthy carriers to be more dangerous than those sick with the disease because there is no way to visually identify a healthy carrier in order to avoid them. But to many, locking up a healthy person seemed wrong. Isolated on North Brother Island Mary Mallon herself believed she was being unfairly persecuted. She could not understand how she could have spread disease and caused a death when she, herself, seemed healthy. I never had typhoid in my life, and have always been healthy. Why should I be banished like a leper and compelled to live in solitary confinement with only a dog for a companion? In 1909, after having been isolated for two years on North Brother Island, Mallon sued the health department. During Mallons confinement, health officials had taken and analyzed stool samples from Mallon approximately once a week. The samples came back intermittently positive for typhoid, but mostly positive (120 of 163 samples tested positive).   For nearly a year preceding the trial, Mallon also sent samples of her stool to a private lab where all her samples tested negative for typhoid. Feeling healthy and with her own lab results, Mallon believed she was being held unfairly.   This contention that I am a perpetual menace in the spread of typhoid germs is not true. My own doctors say I have no typhoid germs. I am an innocent human being. I have committed no crime and I am treated like an outcast—a criminal. It is unjust, outrageous, uncivilized. It seems incredible that in a Christian community a defenseless woman can be treated in this manner. Mallon did not understand a lot about typhoid fever and, unfortunately, no one tried to explain it to her. Not all people have a strong bout of typhoid fever; some people can have such a weak case that they only experience flu-like symptoms. Thus, Mallon could have had typhoid fever but never known it. Though commonly known at the time that typhoid could be spread by water or food products, people who are infected by the typhoid bacillus could also pass the disease from their infected stool onto food via unwashed hands. For this reason, infected persons who were cooks (like Mallon) or food handlers had the most likelihood of spreading the disease. The Verdict   The judge ruled in favor of the health officials and Mallon, now popularly known as Typhoid Mary, was remanded to the custody of the Board of Health of the City of New York.  Mallon went back to the isolated cottage on North Brother Island with little hope of being released. In February of 1910, a new health commissioner decided that Mallon could go free as long as she agreed never to work as a cook again. Anxious to regain her freedom, Mallon accepted the conditions. On February 19, 1910, Mary Mallon agreed that she was ...prepared to change her occupation (that of the cook), and will give assurance by affidavit that she will upon her release take such hygienic precautions as will protect those with whom she comes in contact, from infection.  She was then released.   Recapture of Typhoid Mary Some people believe that Mallon never had any intention of following the health officials rules; thus they believe Mallon had malicious intent with her cooking. But not working as a cook pushed Mallon into service in other domestic positions which did not pay as well. Feeling healthy, Mallon still did not really believe that she could spread typhoid. Though in the beginning, Mallon tried to be a laundress as well as worked at other jobs, for a reason that has not been left in any documents, Mallon eventually went back to working as a cook. In January of 1915 (nearly five years after Mallons release), the Sloane Maternity Hospital in Manhattan suffered a typhoid fever outbreak. Twenty-five people became ill and two of them died. Soon, evidence pointed to a recently-hired cook, Mrs. Brown—and Mrs. Brown was really Mary Mallon, using a pseudonym. If the public had shown Mary Mallon some  sympathy during her first period of confinement because she was an unwitting typhoid carrier, all of the sympathies disappeared after her recapture. This time, Typhoid Mary knew of her healthy carrier status, even if she didnt believe it; thus she willingly and knowingly caused pain and death to her victims. Using a pseudonym made even more people feel that Mallon knew she was guilty. Isolation and Death Mallon was again sent to North Brother Island to live in the same isolated cottage that she had inhabited during her last confinement. For 23 more years, Mary Mallon remained imprisoned on the island. The exact life she led on the island is unclear, but it is known that she helped around the tuberculosis  hospital, gaining the title nurse in 1922 and then hospital helper sometime later. In 1925, Mallon began to help in the hospitals lab. In December 1932, Mary Mallon suffered a large stroke that left her paralyzed. She was then transferred from her cottage to a bed in the childrens ward of the hospital on the island, where she stayed until her death six years later, on November 11, 1938. Other Healthy Carriers Though Mallon was the first carrier found, she was not the only healthy carrier of typhoid during that time. An estimated 3,000 to 4,500 new cases of typhoid fever were reported in New York City alone and it was estimated that about three percent of those who had typhoid fever become carriers, creating 90–135 new carriers a year. By the time Mallon died over 400 other healthy carriers had been identified in New York. Mallon was also not the most deadly. Forty-seven illnesses and three deaths were attributed to Mallon while Tony Labella (another healthy carrier) caused 122 people to become ill and five deaths. Labella was isolated for two weeks and then released. Mallon was not the only healthy carrier who broke the health officials rules after being told of their contagious status. Alphonse Cotils, a restaurant and bakery owner, was told not to prepare food for other people. When health officials found him back at work, they agreed to let him go free when he promised to conduct his business over the phone. Legacy So why is Mary Mallon so infamously remembered as Typhoid Mary? Why was she the only healthy carrier isolated for life? These questions are hard to answer. Judith Leavitt, the author of  Typhoid Mary, believes that her personal identity contributed to the extreme treatment she received from health officials. Leavitt claims that there was prejudice against Mallon not only for being Irish and a woman, but also for being a domestic servant, not having a family, not being considered a bread earner, having a temper, and not believing in her carrier status. During her life, Mary Mallon experienced extreme punishment for something in which she had no control and, for whatever reason, has gone down in history as the evasive and malicious Typhoid Mary. Sources Brooks, J. The Sad and Tragic Life of Typhoid Mary. CMAJ :154.6 (1996): 915–16. Print. Canadian Medical Association Journal (Journal de lAssociation medicale canadienne) Leavitt, Judith Walzer. Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Publics Health. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.Marineli, Filio, et al. Mary Mallon (1869–1938) and the History of Typhoid Fever. Annals of Gastroenterology 26.2 (2013): 132–34. Print.Moorhead, Robert. William Budd and Typhoid Fever. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95.11 (2002): 561–64. Print.Soper, G. A. The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 15.10 (1939): 698–712. Print.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1149 Words

PTSD was first taken seriously when the Vietnam veterans returned from the war. Combat experience is the most commonly linked to this disorder. However, studies have shown that there are many different causes. These studies were applied to a wide variety of traumas that people have experienced in various horrific events. According to The National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"about 4% of American adults ages 18-54 suffers from PTSD in a given year. These people have served in wars, have been raped or mugged, lived through natural disasters, terrorist attacks or car or plane crashes† (Mitchell). Anyone who experiences an unnerving situation is at risk for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD is seen as more of an archaic disorder in the†¦show more content†¦It won’t go away and its not helping them resume a normal life† (â€Å"War Lingers†). 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Accounting Treatment of Property Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Identify in the Financial Statements, the notes to the financial statements, and the statements of significant accounting policies those parts that relate to property, plant and equipment. 2.In addition to goodwill, what are the categories of intangible assets of this Organisation? How are they recognized and measured? 3.Where do provisions appear in the statement of Financial Position? 4.What are contingent liabilities and how can they arise 5.Using the Financial Statements Calculate, and Comment on, the following ratios Current ratio, rate of return on total assets, times interest earned, the debt ratio and the P/E ratio. Answers: 1.AASB 116 is typically related with the accounting treatment of property, plant and equipment so that the users of the financial report can find the information of the companys investment in property, plant and equipment. The detail disclosure of this information has to be made in the notes to financial statements so that it can be easily understood by the users about the information provided by the company related to the company purchase, sales or disposed of property, plant and equipment (Annual Report, 2016). In the annual report of Wesfarmer the information related to the property, plant and equipment is given in notes to accounts on page number 101. Looking at the notes related to the property, plant and equipment it can be said that Wesfarmers had make sure that all the requirement given in the AASB standard 116 has been fully complied. There has been separate disclosure of each assets and their initial cost of purchase with actual depreciation on that asset. To calculate the net carrying value of the asset all the procedure prescribed in the AASB has been followed. There is statement on the recognition and measurement that describes that net carrying value of property, plant and equipment has been measured on the cost of purchase minus depreciation and impairment. Straight line method of depreciation has been used to calculate the depreciation on property, plant and equipment (Annual Report, 2016). AASB 136 is related to the impairment of assets and in the annual report of Wesfarmers it has been presented in the notes to accounts number 17 and page number is 118. The notes related to impairment of assets is presented in well manner format with proper disclosure of all the information related to the testing of impairment of assets, calculations of impairments, recognized impairments and any reversal of reversal of impairments (Annual Report, 2016). 2.In addition to goodwill other intangible assets presents with Wesfarmers are Trade Names, Contractual and non contractual relationships, software and gaming and liquor licenses. All the intangible assets apart from the goodwill has been recognized initial on the cost that are purchased and intangible assets acquired in the process of business combination is recognized at their fair value on the date of acquisition. After the initial recognition of intangible assets they are carried on cost less any amortization and any impairment losses. The useful lives of the intangible assets are estimated on the following basis: Intangible Assets Useful Lives Trade names Indefinite and Finite (up to 20 years) Contractual and non contractual relationships Finite (Up to 15 years) Software Finite (up to 7 years) Gaming and Liquor Licenses Indefinite Impairment of intangible assets has policies that are applicable for all intangible assets of the recognized in the Wesfarmers. If the asset does not generate independent cash inflows and its value in use cannot be estimated to be close to its fair value, the asset is tested for impairment as the part of the cash generating unit (Annual Report, 2016). 3.The provisions appear under the liability section of the statement of financial position and detailed information about the provisions is provided in the notes to statement number 9 on page number 103 and 104. The long service leaves is recognized in the provision section of employee benefits. As per the accounting policies it is measured as the present value of the expected future payments for the services provided to the company by the employees. The value of long service leave presented in the annual report of the Wesfarmers were 1154 million AUD $ as part of current liabilities and 180 million AUD $ as part of non-current liabilities in respect of year 2016. Dividends appear on the liability side of balance sheet as the provision only when the dividends are declared and before they are paid to the shareholders. When dividend are declared and are not paid to the shareholders they become the liability of the company and as the accounting standard it is essential to show the dividend that is unpaid under provisions in case it is not paid to the shareholders. When dividend is paid it is no longer present at the liability side of the organization of the balance sheet. Information related to the dividends paid and declared is given in notes to statements number 11 and it is given on page number 106. As per information given dividend has been declared and paid in the same accounting year therefore it has not been presented under the provision section of the annual report (Annual Report, 2016). 4.Contingent Liabilities refers to the potential liability of the company that can arise depending on any occurrence of future uncertain event. As per the accounting AASB 137 contingent is recoded in the financial statements when it is probable that the amount of contingent liability can be reasonably estimated and they will certain events in the future that will impact the outflow of resources of the organization (Annual Report, 2016). Following are the disclosure requirement of for contingent liabilities as per AASB 137: Unless the possibility of any outflow in settlement is remote, an entity shall disclose for each class of contingent liability at the end of the reporting period a brief description of the nature of the contingent liability and, where practicable: an estimate of its financial effect, measured under paragraphs 36-52; an indication of the uncertainties relating to the amount or timing of any outflow; and The possibility of any reimbursement. In the annual report of Wesfarmers the contingent liabilities are mentioned under notes to accounts 21 under Commitments and Contingencies. The various contingent liabilities are operating lease commitments, capital commitments and other expenditure commitments. All the contingent liabilities are disclosed properly by the company (Annual Report, 2016). Contingent assets refer to the possible assets of the company that can arise in future due to the gain that is probable at any future date on the occurrence of any future event. As per accounting standard AASB 137, company cannot recognize the contingent assets even if it is probable that contingent gain will arise in future. 5.Liquidity Analysis Liquidity analysis means measuring the company position to pay the current liabilities through the use of short term assets of the company. The current liabilities refer to the expenses that are due in one year time period and short term assets or current assets refers to assets of the company that are capable to be converted into cash and cash equivalent in short period of time generally one year. Current ratio is the most important ratio that helps to evaluate the liquidity position of the company. Current Ratio: Current ratio is the current assets divided current liabilities. It means this ratio check amount of current assets is presents in the company against the amount of current liabilities to be paid by the company. Current Ratio: Current Assets/Current Liabilites Current Ratio of Wesfarmers in year 2016 = $ 9684 /$10424 = 0.93 times The current ratio of Wesfarmers in year 2016 is 0.93 times that indicates that company has only 0.93 times the current assets present in the against the current liability of 10,424 million. So it can be said that liquidity position of the Wesfarmer was critical and it must be taken care by the company in as early as possible. Profitability Analysis Profitability analysis means measuring the income earning capability of company through the available resources. Profitability means income earned by the firm on the assets present in the company. There are many ways through which profitability can be measured. Net profit ratio, rate of return on total assets and return on total equity are the some of well known ratios that are used to measure the profitability of the firm. Rate of Return on total assets: This ratio shows the percentage of return the firm is earning on the total assets employed in the one financial year. Rate of return on total assets: Net profit/Total Assets Rate of return on total assets of Wesfarmers in year 2016 = $407/ $40,783 = 0.99 % Rate of return on total assets of Wesfarmers in year 2016 was almost 1 % that indicates that company has earned very low return on the total assets. It can be concluded that overall profitability position looking at the ratio of rate of return on total is very weak and management has to take serious steps to increase the income earning capability. Solvency Analysis Solvency analysis means ability of company to pay the debt capital out of other capital present. This analysis helps to know the level of leverage capital (Debt capital) present in the company. Times Interest earned: This ratio tells the times the company has ability to pay the interest expenses out of the profit earned. This ratio shows the company ability to pay the interest liability on the debt capital. Times Interest Earned: Profit before Interest and Taxes / Interest Expenses Times Interest Earned of Wesfarmers in year 2016 = $1386 / $308 = 4.5 times (Annual Report, 2016) The interest coverage ratio of the company is 4.5 times that shows company can pay almost 4 times the interest expenses as of now. So it can be said that solvency position of the company was good in year 2016. Debt ratio: This ratio measures the amount of debt capital present in the company against the equity and long term capital. Debt Ratio: Long Term Liabilities/Shareholders Equity and Long term Liabilities Debt Ratio of Wesfarmers in year 2016 = 7410/ (22949+7410) = 0.24 times Debt ratio of the Wesfarmers was 0.24 times that indicates company has 0.24 times the debt capital against the total capital present in the company. Price earning Ratio: This ratio is the measure the value of the company as it measures the current share price on the basis of per share earning. This ratio measures the times the market value of company to the earning per share of the company. P/E Ratio: MPS/EPS =$40.10 / $0.36 = 111.38 times (Bull, 2007) Wesfarmers has P/E ratio of 111.38 times that indicates that market value of company is very strong as compare to earning capability. References Annual Report, 2016. Wesfarmers. [Online]. Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4 [Assessed on: 17 May, 2017]. Bull, R. 2007. Financial Ratios: How to use financial ratios to maximise value and success for your business'. UK: Elsevier.

Sphere Essays - Sphere, Still, Beth Greene, Adam,

Sphere Sphere is about a futuristic sphere that gives a group of scientists a special and unusual power- the power of being able to turn fantasy into reality. The group of scientists are kept in total wonder as to why they were being sent to the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The scientists consisted of Norman Johnson, a psychologist; Beth Halpern, a zoologist and biochemist; Harry Adams, a mathematician; and Ted Fielding, an astrophysicist. Each scientist played an important role- Norman was to watch the team because no one had ever seen an alien and they didn't know how people would react. Beth was to assess any life form that the team might come across. Harry was there because math is the universal language and Ted was there to determine where in the universe the aliens came from. The story begins as Norman is being transported in a Sea Knight. After Norman arrives at the site, he is directly escorted to his quarters until Captain Barnes came and retrieved him. On their way to the submersible, he explained to everyone in the group what was going on. He told them that there was a titanium fin found 1,000 feet under the ocean and that it is over 1/2 mi. long. He also informed them that the spacecraft had been in that location for almost 300 years (they could date the time because of the coral growth- coral grows at 1 in. a year). When they all arrived at the underwater habitat, they were sent to a compression chamber to bring them to the right pressure. The reason for the habitat is that it has the weight of air plus the weight of water pushing down on it. If the habitat had the same pressure as the surface, it would implode. After compression, the team was sent to their quarters for some rest before they set out to the spacecraft. When the crew was all rested and refreshed, they suited up into insulated suits and jumped into the water. They then proceeded to the airlock. After passing through the airlock and into the ship, they split up into two teams. Norman and Beth were teamed up while Barnes, Harry, and Ted went another way. While they were exploring, Beth and Norman were accidentally transported to the control room. There they found out- with the help of the ship's computers and a suit on a dead body- found a surprising discovery- the ship was American. It must have been transported back in time through a black hole from the year 2043 all the way back to 1743 and landed in the ocean. While Beth and Norman were in the control room, the other group stumbled upon a gargantuan golden sphere. After Norman and Beth had caught up to them, they were running low on air and set up a video camera. As they were about to leave, they noticed that there was no entry into the sphere- no door, no hatch, nothing- but Norman noticed that the sphere reflected everything- except image of the team. As most of the team was sleeping, Harry slipped on his suit and went to the sphere. As he was standing there, the sphere somehow took him inside itself. By the time that Norman reached him, he was unconscious. After they got him back to base, one of the crew members was outside doing some work when she was attacked by jellyfish and was killed because the animals had made miniscule holes which leaked extensively and she drowned. No one left the confines of the habitat because they were cut off from the ship up top- supposedly there was a severe storm and they missed their ride because of Harry's little stunt. As the days went by they were forced to talk to each other and entertain one another. Harry was reading 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and was quite enjoying it. Since the crew member that was killed by the jellyfish, Norman and Beth took on the responsibility. What they had to do was take video footage that was stored and take it to a sub on a timer. If no one reset the timer in 12 hours, the sub would float to the surface with the videos inside. That way, if anything happened, there would be some idea of what went wrong. As Norman and Beth were coming out of the sub, Barnes warned them of a giant object coming towards them. They scrambled for the hatchway and just