Long Fuse Notes

Truth and the Historian Main argument This is deuce(prenominal) an introduction to the ass invariablyate and an essay ab issue the causes of World fight I, as seen by some early(a) historical writers and Lafore himself. He rural areas that World fight I has become a fashion and a fad, and, while in that location is nada wrong with the topic existence astray discussed, historians should be careful in using research and analyzing historical topics. The introduction outlines the sources of the conflict that later was cognise as the expectant War. All of the events hostilities amid the huge powers, competition for the sea, and expansionism were what has light-emitting diode to that conflict.But Lafore also argues that no cause can be bingled out as the roughly important, because they simply contri excepted to the relations betwixt atomic number 63an countries in the set-back place 1914. Main pile Luigi Albertini an Italian journalist and politician, who studied t he causes of World WarI Fritz Fischer a German historian who published a history of German policy in the first place and during the fight Helmuth von Moltke the German chief of staff who was afrain of a europiuman contend, just now nevertheless prepared to urge measures that he knew would bring a prevalent war. Outline A.World War I is among the intimately(prenominal) widely discussed topics in history 1. Myopia in history historians see the bypast from the present (relativism) a. Not always the correct way of examining it b. This indicates few good sense of bias 2. What happened after 1945 fountains a new perspective on the events before 1914 and the war itself a. The relations of European powers led to the war b. No single coarse was to be blamed the most for the causes 3. Terms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as revisionism proved to control comminuted significance to the evaluation of the causes of war a.They lead non been guilty of planning a knowledge base w ar b. Historians piece all the countries to be guilty in some way B. Historians equal Albertini and Fischer had opposing views on the war and its participants 1. Albertini did extensive research on Germ any(prenominal)s role before and in the war a. He found the Germans developed guilty of urging Austrians to attack Serbia b. He was a supporter of revisionism, just his interpretation proved to be objective 2. Fischer published a book closely Ger many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)s role after the war a. He concur that Germany was partially responsible . He and Albertini two accused Germany of pressuring Austria to go to war with Serbia, although there was a danger of a foundation war 3. At present time, the war guilt could be viewed much more than(prenominal) objectively, not necessarily with blaming Germany a. Some Germans, deal Moltke, feared and did not support a general war Chapter 1 The Lost Utopia Main command Omnipresent European soereignty was a f rightfulness in the plan for ubiquitous tranquillity as the rural was left hand to hit its aver decisions, there was no guarantee that there would be overuses of that power.European stubborn adherence to the view of indep differenceence caused striking disputes as the global law could not by design en posture its regularizes of what an indep wipeoutent present could and could not do the nations were sovereign, and thus they should be allowed to do what they believed was right. There were many different ethnic roots throughout Europe, specifically the easterly areas. With the worldly c erstrn of new new responsibilitys merged by ethnicity, such as Germany, other ethnicities began to desire an in leechlike state for themselves, putting Europe in a state of disagreement.Main People Giuseppe Mazzini An Italian liberator who, same many other patient ofs and Napoleon III, profoundly believed in the veracity of the legal opinion of freehandeddom John Stuart Mill an English full(a) who mat that the new advance in society gave to a fault much power to the stop number class von Bismarck The emperor of Germany. He believed that Europe was unified liberal after the cultivateation of Germany and Italy Gladst unrivaled(a) prime minister of great Britain. He felt that many roots, such as the Irish, the Poles, and the Italians, should have their own state OutlineTreaty of Vienna I. A. Nations realized that the inter core law should generate to all European countries as the omnipresent placidity was a furbish up of all European nations 1. 1815 Treaty helped disposal activitys realize that additional laws to the international law should be added concerned about actions that could possibly curseen the peace and warrantor of Europe Relationships of events to causes of WWI II. A. Most of the European countries were considered states as they were unified in oral communication, culture, sense of nationalism etc. B.Sovereignty could lead to abuses and war s among nations as the independence left a nation uncontrollable and possible to act in any way precious. C. The international law created to ensure that there were no abuses of sovereignty false out to have several drawbacks D. The establishment of smashing Powers as guardians of the European peace increased hostility and jealousy among nations as some of the non- huge Power nations felt hurt by their exclusion of this prestigious title. 1. However, he also mentions that this was not true for all of the countries and that these differences in single states were to be a great cause of arising disputes. . Armies, for example, could be streng and thened not provided as a sign of attempt to be better protected, however also as a sign of complicateting ready for a war. 3. Even though the nations recognized and authentic its rules, some of them passive did not find it important to act with these laws and broke them intemperately. 4. Placing the power of nourishing peace in han ds of just few countries opened a way for abuses and make headway violations of the international law as no one could rebel, accordingly to the international law, against the rules of Great Powers. characterisation of varying national perspectives, shifting federations etc.III. A. During the mid-17th hundred, most of the European countries focused on maintaining the peace. B. As noted, the Great Powers were allied with for distributively one other by the international law that mother them to cooperate to maintain the European peace. France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Italy had to work to wash upher, and as proven, quite successfully for a while. 1. Even though there were a few violations of the international laws, Germany was not one of them, which assigns how through 18-19th centuries her focus was not just on bolt haveing France and Russia. . the onclimax World War I amid these nations shows what a great interpolate in attitude they had to go through in allege to thump from friendly European-peace-protection into an immense war for dirt. IV. Concert of Europe falling asunder by 1820 A. from 1858 to 1871, completely 4 wars in Europe 1. Piedmont and france attacks Austria 2. Prussia attacks Denmark, Austria, and France a. all wars were not sanctioned b. concert losing power B. Balance of power also prevented scrap 1. countries would not fight because other countries would stand by involved 2.If one country was too bullnecked, it would be a holy terror to other countries V. The anomalies of the European constitution A. growth strength of conservatism 1. Many liberals converted, others covered to socialism 2. Growing conflict with the upper class 3. John Stuart Mill advancements created by sophisticatedisation create problems for many slew B. other(prenominal) problems recognized with the national agreement 1. Northwestern Europe set trends for other countries to follow 2. Ireland a. part of Britain b. threat to s tability of Britain i. worked with french force during war with England in1793 1815 ii. rowing nationalism and threat of revolution 3. France and Alsace a. Alsace had german ancestry, but the inhabitants had assimilated with France i. Germany held grudge of losing land ii. reclaimed during matrimony in 1871 4. Loraine a. also formerly German, but all German shape was gone b. Germany requisiteed it for strategic regions i. City of Metz had a strong build up and would prevent French attack on Germany 5. loss of provinces hoped to be accepted by France but would not be a. france was the most powerful country in continental Europe b. would be threatened by a growing germanyC. German state generally accepted 1. Considered similar to full French or Spanish state 2. Most political sympathiesal lines followed nationality D. much problems in southeast regarding nationality and politics 1. Britain and france had different ethnic groups but all generally shared similar allegience a. Ethnicity was generally not an important thing 2. Bismark felt that enough of Europe had been unified 3. Gladstone felt that almost e very(prenominal) ethnic group should gain independence excluding eastern Europe due to an incredibly large amount of ethnicities 4.Creation of modern states creates idea of all ethnicities having their own state a. Inspires eastern nationalism E. Rumanians 1. romish lineage 2. Contained literature, language, and culture but no policy-making action a. controlled by Greece 3. Claimed land in bomb in 1871 a. other provinces with Rumanians in Russia and Hungary F. Other ethnic groups in the east 1. Some, identical Greeks and Serbs already had state 2. Some, akin Slovenes had few requests for state 3. Other groups were so obscure that an independent state would be irrelevant G. Poland 1. Formerly a powerful state . Roman Catholic religion VI. Swallowed peoples A. The Rumanians and the Poles equal many other people had been engulfed into other larg er nations 1. Some like the Greeks and the Serbs had emancipated themselves into their own nations 2. Some like the Slovenes had never had their own nation and were barely stirred by a sense of nationalism 3. Still others like the Ghegs and Tosks were so miniscule as to barely constitute a people much less a nation 4. Poland Swallowed B. Ceased to be a country after the third class 1. Was the largest of the imprisoned nations 2.Was a homogenous nation with one language, religion and a sense of national pride 3. The Polish national pride was seen as a threat as they had erupted in dis fix up in Russia terzetto times by 1863 4. In Germany Poles appeaseed a silent yet vicious minority C. In Austria the Poles received little change in their surgical operation lives and were allowed to keep the their cultural traditions and were therefore less resentful 1. Poland Unifies Nations 2. Though the Poles created problems severally for each(prenominal) of the empires that held them col lectively the division of Poland acted as a unifying force among the common chord empires 3.The common fear of Polish rebellion during and after the revolt of 1863 caused Bismarck and Germany to offer German Support 4. Because Germany supported Russia in the disorder of 1863 Russia supported Germany in their attack on France in 1870 5. Poland though non-existent was one of the most important factors in national relations 6. Conservatives viewed freeing Poland as something that would cause war and also realized that the status quo in which there was no Poland was also a cause for war, where as the liberals sought object of all peoples as an end above peace 7.In 1870 the conservatives had the more practical point of view 8. Because of the diversity of the eastern European peoples and the conflicting cares of the major powers sorting them into nations would be a near impossible toil 9. All the eastern European peoples were nicely divided into the powers Russia, Germany, Austria, and Turkey D. Weaknesses in the Conservative position 1. The empires in which many peoples were contained could not achieve inner(a) accord 2. The empires containing many peoples could not act in harmony with each other as their interests usually in conflict 3.Russia and Austria e special(a)ly held distain for each other after the Russian Army aided the Austrian government in suppressing the 1848 revolt and the Austrian army did not return the estimate in the Crimean war E. Turkey The Sick Man of Europe 1. The cover structure of the Ottoman Empire did not allow for the government to ramp up with the times and it fell in to a weak and antiquated state 2. The increased sense of national pride spread like half-baked fire among the diverse peoples of the Ottoman Empire meaning the people became ever more difficult to control G. Nationalism a means to an end 1.Formerly Nationalism had been a liberal ideal 2. all peoples should have self determination and national pride was a means to that end 3. However when the power of nationalism was realized the conservatives of Europe adopted nationalism for their own end 4. with national pride strengthening an empire the people of the empire are more bequeathing to fight to empower the empire H. Pan-Slavism 1. Nationalism on the basis of racial brotherhood the Slavs were of the same racial descent and were divided in to many little subdivisions too small to justify nations therefore it seemed logical to combine them all in to one pan-Slavonic state 2.Initially Pan-Slavism was a liberal movement for the determination of many people into one nation however with Russian Pan-Slavism it would be born-again into a conservative goal I. Russian Pan-Slavism 1. Invented by Nicholas Danilevsky 2. Pan-Slavism with the entirety of the Slavic states under the rule of the Russian Empire 3. Turned a Liberal ideal into a Conservative end in that it empowered an already great empire rather than called for self determination of Slav pe oples Chapter 2 The Austria Anomaly Main ArgumentLafore goes on to discuss the things that make up the Austrian Anomaly basically, why Austria was so different than the other Great Powers of Europe. Lafore states that the other powers were constructed on a basis of nationality, whereas Austria was not, and major threats came in 1914 by the forces exercised by the minorities in nation states, and Austria consisted entirely of minorities. He then goes on to discuss the dual- monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and how that change in the division of power further changed the world view of Austria.The nationalities stated are accompanied by their qualities and affiliations and the amount in each section of A-H. The maps are significant because they attribute to the argument that nationalities in A-H wanted to be reunited with their home countries right over the border. Main People Austria Hungary The nation was militarily strong and influential amongst the other European powers. However, cont radictory those countries, Austria Hungary was not united by a single cultural identity, but divided by cultural barriers.Magyars These were a distinct and powerful group of people who managed to write a seemingly immortal system of political tradition Germans They were the most populous and according to history the most natural to the land in both Austria and Hungary. They were typically landowners, townsmen, and civil servants. Czechs They were the second most common minority, numbering a little less than 5 gazillion. They had been endue with Bohemian reign before, and under Habsburg rule, desired more recognition and compliments of their ethnicity.Ruthenes Around 3 million, they lived in the eastern parts of the country and shared many similarities with Ukrainians in terms of culture and ancestry. Poles There were about 2 and a half million Poles living in Austria, but they were go away in Hungary. Their extensive history and prominence provided them the foundation for nati onal pride, like with other east European ethnicities. Rumanians There were about 3 million Rumanians who resided in Hungary. They were less active in controlling their own affairs, lots under the rule of dominating Magyars.Serbo-Croats Half a million of them lived in Austria, where as more than 2 million lived in Hungary. While ensnare by common ancestry, the culture of the two factions was very different. The Serbs experienced instruct independent success, but later on faced foreign rule by the Turkish and of course the Habsburg. They were generally oppress and neglectful of modern ideals and lifestyles. Croats on the other hand had a more sophisticated written report and level of independence. Though as Magyars began to abuse power, loyalty waned.Habsburg Monarchy It was the oldest dynasty in Europe, having a capacious history that was bound to the Romans and one that was against the Turks. It dealt with many domestic disputes that severely weakened its influence later on. What did preserve an otherwise antiquated and sometimes abusive source of power was its regal legacy and the emollient properties of the state. For the most part, it was prosperous and progressive. Austrian constitution It disregarded the diversity of the nation and chiefly functioned on political prompts that were intend for united countries.Karl Lueger He was a attractive mayor of Vienna who integrated socialism, anti-Semitism, Catholicism, and controversial politics. Socialists and Catholics These were popular political parties in the imperial parliament who objected to secession and partitioning. Both wanted extreme recovers in social order and economic agenda, and often criticized the aristocracy. Archduke Francis Ferdinand He was very tyrannous of the Hungarians and sympathetic towards southern Slavs. This sentiment would initiate an impending eruption of Slavic discontent. OutlineI. Main Facts and Events A. 1860 The Hapsburg Monarchy was defeated by the combined armies of the French and the Piedmontese and had been obliged to abandon its richest province Lombardy, in the Po Valley. B. 1866 Austria was attacked by the rival Prussian Army and decisively defeated. C. 1867 Austria ceased to be either a German or Italian power. D. After 1866 internal changes were necessary, and so, the dual-monarchy was created, by establishing a state within Austria, known as Hungary, and ruled by the Magyar people, done formally in 1867.II. Relationship(s) A. Lafore makes the connection amongst the multi-nationality of Austria-Hungary, and the way in which this fueled the war. He says that because Austria was so diverse, and consisted wholly of minorities, the other nations didnt view Austria as a nation, or take them seriously, and this lack of recognition influenced Austrias dislike of the other powers and drove them into the arms of a German fusion whereupon Germany runed them into war.B. Lafore also brings up the fact that because of the dual-monarchy, decisi on making was extremely slow, and therefore affected how soon, or in actuality, how long it took for Austria- Hungary to decide to declare war. III. National Perspectives A. The other Great Powers in Europe, because of Austrias multi-nationality, didnt view Austria as a nation, because it consisted of the anomalies that make the other powers uncomfortable. B.In Austria, there wasnt one single national view, or actual national pride, because of the wide diversity each group within itself, however, was very nationalist, basing political affiliation upon nationality. C. Although the Magyars rose up and were grant their own state, not every other nationality was like that many were content to be included in Austria, and didnt feel the need to push for their own state. IV. Main Facts and Events with Dates 1870 the change of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Dual Monarchy of A-H. V. Relationship of events to causes of WWI as place by Lafore A.Lafore contributed the declaration of war on Ser bia by Austria-Hungary as the main cause of the outbreak of WWI. B. The declaration of war followed the declining of the ultimatum as a receipt to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. C. Franz Ferdinand was assassinated because his views on the unification of all Serbs into A-H and creating a Tri-Monarchy. D. This was such a problem because the Serbs in A-H were very discontent with their position because they were bullied and oppressed by the Magyars, and wished to be reunited with Serbia.Which can all be traced from this section with the stating of nationalities and their relationships with the others. VI. Characterization of varying national perspectives, alliance shifts, etc. A. This section gives light to the nationalities and their problems in A-H 1. The legal age of nationalities were subject to oppression by those of higher intelligence like the Magyars and the Germans. 2. The majority of nationalities were Catholic, and Rome was in A-H so they felt obliged to be loyal to A-H for that fact. 3.The Magyars took control of the Dual Monarchy to make all their wishes true at the expense of all the other nationalities. VI. Strength of Austria Hungary A. Problems 1. Problems always existed in southeasterly Europe 2. Greeks and Serbs win independence 3. Clashing political ideaologies liberals, Catholics B. Religious differences between Austria and Turkey 1. Balkans were more willing to be ruled by Christians Turkey was Muslims 2. Identifies Austria as the defender of Christianity C. Prosperity 1. Development of light industry and cover a. creates wealth b. auses divisions between industrious west and agrarian east 2. several(prenominal) problems with industry a. Hungary was agrarian bread basket b. Austria was industrious i. strengthens the divide between Magyars and Germans c. New parties were created i. already bad implementation of democracy ii. 22 political parties iii. allows nationalism and religion to dominate the country Chapter 3 Main Argument 1. The unification of Germany in 1871 greatly bowdle testifyed the balance of power in Europe. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down soon after Bismarcks dismissal in 1890, however it allowed for Germanys strong alliance with Austria.Two crises demonstrated the fragility of the Three Emperors League, first one in 1875 when Bismarck became disheartenmented by the revival of the French from the defeat five years earlier and seemed to be planning another war, and the second in 1876 during the revolution against the Turkish rule. Russians declared war on Turkey, but they were accused of illegal action and summoned before a judicatory by the Powers. The Russians helped with the creation of Great Bulgaria, hoping that the Bulgars will later on be thankful to them and allow them access to Constantinopole and the Straits.The Russians establishment at the gate of Constantinople, and on the shores of the Aegean was a threat to Austria. Bismarck believed that the Balkans could cause trouble to anyo ne who controlled them, and Germanys interest should be in maintaining good relations with both Russia and Austria to make sure they stay in the majority of three great powers. Milan Obrenovich proposed to shit Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy, if the transaction wouldve occurred, the Monarchy would have included the majority of the Southern Slavs and would be in position of dominance.Because both Austria and Germany required peace and the maintenance of existing boundaries, and both had the achieve them through treaties to bind their friends and neutralize their enemies they were able to form a successful alliance based on their similar goals. Germany feared the attack by France, Austria feared all their neighbors and their alliance formed a diplomatical bloc, and a very impressive armament unity. Addition of Italy to the Austro German Alliance was very significance, and Italys reasons for roasting were based on domestic political concerns. 2.The creation of the Bulgarian state roll the balance Europe had achieved in the 1880s. The German prince atop the Bulgarian throne lost popularity by attempting to control Bulgaria, annex Eastern Rumelia, and destroy Serbia. He was forced to abdicate and replaced by another German prince. Russia, angered, disrupted the Three Emperors League. France and Russia swore a secret alliance, at the time where Russia attempted to industrialize. Main People J Otto von Bismarck The premier of Germany, he oversaw the unification in 1871 and dominated its affairs until his dismissal in 1890J Milan Obrenovich The Prince of Serbia, had a suspicion that the Serbs wanted to assassinate him, he best-loved to live in Vienna and offered to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy Outline 1. Bismarck dismissed, 1890 a. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down system of alliances faltered b. Bismarcks Europe had Germany surrounded by allies c. Bismarck says, Dont compact involved in the Balkans 2. Turkey was the Sick Man of Europe 3. Reinsurance Tre aty, 1887 (Russia, Germany would remain neutral in wars involving one or the other), contradicted the Austrian Alliance 4.Franco-Russian Alliance, 1894 B. Causes of WWI 1. conclave of Wilhelms inexperience, Russias greed caused them to clash over the Balkans 2. Bulgarian creation and monarchial maintenance Russia angry at Germans, Bulgarians 3. Austro-Hungarian composition its existence as not one nation state C. Characterization 1. After Bismarcks dismissal, the balance of power set up by Bismarcks careful alliances, fell apart 2. Britain did not see the need for Germany to get involved in the Balkans 3. Bismarck specifically said that Germany should not get involved in the Balkans 4.Wilhelms inexperience caused Russia and France to become closer as allies Chapter 4 Main Argument 1. It was Germanys principal interest to assure the isolation of France and in 1894 this objective was defeated by the Franco-Russian Alliance. Germany was a federal empire restricted in its powers. The K ing of Prussia was also German Emperor. Reichstag was authorized to approve or reject new taxes. The monarchy and a great many private citizens were making a proud connection between the imposing forces reputation of Prussia and the wel out-of-the-way(prenominal)e.The chancellor, faced with the opposition of powerful opponents in the Reichstag, was given to invoking patriotism and the glory of the army in order to induce voters to vote for the right parties. The Daily Telegraph episode was a prevalent scandal that shook German confidence in the throne. Germany, the great military power in Europe in 1871, was by 1914 the ahead(p) industrial power. The Navy League was influential, and the Pan-Germanists and the racists were not in any way oddly German phenomena.France and Russia were regarded as Britains neutral enemies, Britain and Germany were traditionally friendly, and Prussia and Britain had fought together in the two greatest wars of British history- the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic War. Germany had supplied Britains dynasty and most of its rulers consorts, and the German Empress was a British princess. Germanys strength enemies, the French and the Russians occupied Egypt in 1882. Germany but not Great Britain have a large army and if the British wanted an alliance, they were welcome to join the Triple Alliance.The British had no interest in Germanys Continental rivalries, the secret commitment of the Triple Alliance. 2. One of the main points that Lafore is making in this passage concerns the fact that the blockade of Germany was caused due to the change magnitude closeness of British and French relations and to an extent the Russians, as tumesce as Italy wander from the Triple Alliance. In order to break these relations, Germany created a crisis, the Moroccan Crisis, in order to try to force Britain to publicly abandon the French.This only caused a strengthening in Anglo-French affairs since in the Algeciras conference that followed the c risis, the two countries tie together with Italy against Germany for oppressing Moroccan independence. The naval disputes between Germany and Britain also helped alienate the two since they posed alarm and threats to one another. The Triple Entente also came about when an Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed which also strengthened the encirclement around Germany, but was viewed lightly since they Germans did not believe it could last very long.The geographical encirclement of Germany with these new diplomatic relations, did not cause the war but it did correspond a breakdown of German relations with the British and Italians which left Germany with only one weaker potential ally. Main People 1. Friedrich von Bernhardi Wrote Germany and the Next War 2. William II An arrogant and foolish autocrat 3. Heinrich von Treitschke Historian with armed conquest and the military virtues. 4. HolsteinaGerman Foreign Office director was a Memphis-tophelean figure, who retired in 1909, left a mark on German policy. 5.Protector of Islam Saved the British from defeat in South Africa. 6. Theophile Delcasse French foreign minister that was forced to resign. 7. prime minister von Bulow German Chancellor who arranged the Moroccan crisis. 8. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz Secretary of the German Navy- alarmed the British with his plan for German advance in naval forces. 9. Edward seven-spot New successor to the English throne who disliked Germany and his German relatives and was tippy of the Paris of the gilded age. He exerted strong influence to secure the duty assignment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts and in theForeign Office.He represented the Francophilia arising in England. Main Events 1. Germanys main goal was to isolate France In 1894, this goal was shut down b/c of the Franco-Russian alliance 2. Devised by Bismarck in 1866 intended to permit the Chancellor to neutralize his domestic enemies, facilitate Germany unification by bribing its opponents w/political favors 3. In 1871, Germany was the greatest military power. By 1914, Germany was the leading industrial power 4. 1894 Germany was faced with the diplomatic combination of France and Russia. Franco Russian alliance would not be fatal in a war if GB remained neutral.Russia were regarded as Britains natural enemies, Britain and traditionally friendly and Prussia and Britain had fought together greatest wars of British history 5. 1901-Queen Victoria dies. France and Germany were in the two 6. Edward septet takes over from Queen Victoria in 1901. When he took over, he exerted a strong influence so as to secure the appointment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts abroad and in the Foreign mapping. 7. Francophilia perished spreading throughout the British cabinet, starting with Edward VII as a result of his changes to the cabinet. 8.Franco-British relationships began improving after Edward took over, and a diplomatic agreement was reached in 1904 in which France recognized and accepted British profession of Egypt and the British recognized the French interest in Morocco. 9. In 1900, the French allowed the Italians to take Libya, and the Italians allowed France to take Morocco. 10. When the triple entente was renewed in 1902, both Italy and France agreed to remain neutral if either side was attacked by another power. 11. Germany saw the potential for an alliance between Britain and France, and wanted to prevent this in order to preserve the Triple alliance. 2. Von Bulow forced the German emperor to ensure with the Sultan while he was on a cruise in the Mediterranean, so as to test the alliance between Britain and France. The visit itself showed German indication to protect Morocco against Frenchdesigns. 13. A conference was called in Berlin to consider French violations in regulating its position of power in Morocco which met in Algeciras in January 1906. When the conference ended three months later, the result was France bein g recognized ashaving special rights, and therefore allowed to organize The Moroccan police and finances. 4. 1897 The first German navy bill was passed, which provided for the construction of 19 powerful German battleships to be reinforced over a period of 5 years. This, along with Alfred von Tirpitzs chance theory would create a threat against the British which showed the German rebelliousness of Britain. 15. The British building of the Dreadnought was further cause for the naval contention forming between the two nations. 16. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war subtracted it from the ranks of the Great powers in 1905. 17.The Anglo-Russian agreement was signed in August, 1907. B. Causes of WWI 1. If the Germans had chosen Russia as an alliance, instead of Austria, then French and Austria would have formed an alliance and the encirclement would have been more real 2. Strengthened Franco-British relations in the early 20th century would spurn alliances and turn Germany into a common threat for both nations. 3. The Anglo-German naval rivalries that began to arise in the early 20th century would serve to mention British alarm against Germany and deteriorate Anglo-German relations. 4.The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war would give way for the Anglo-Russian agreement, which would seal the fate of encirclement for Germany in the upcoming war. With three of the great powers allied, little actions which would spurn Germany to go to war, would essentially cause the other three nations to go to war as well. C. Characterization 1. Politicians in Russia, France, and Great Britain stressed the intentions and legitimate interests of their own countries, friends, and allies. 2. No clear line btwn the spheres of the administrator authority and the parliament 3.Germanys potential enemies, the French and the Russians a most impotent = the French 4. Edward VII was a powerful Francophile as well as anti-German who make it his duty to spread his ideals i n the British office when he took over to appoint diplomatswhich shared his views as well. This would come to alter to decisions and nationalistic views in the decade before the outbreak of war. With the new changes in perspective of Britain, a French alliance did not seem too far off, as it did say a decade before. 5. Both Britain and France began visual perception Germany more and more as a threat, and this strengthened the alliance between the two. 6.Germany wanted to prevent a Franco-British alliance at any cause, and time-tested to do so by provoking the Moroccan crisis. The Purpose of the crisis was to get the British to publicly abandon the French, as well as to show an awesome display of German power and prestige in world affairs. 7. With the German failure in the First Moroccan crisis, Germany became more encircle than before, with France and Britain now standing together against German interests as well as the breakdown of Anglo-German relations. 8. The naval rivalry tha t was forming between Britain and Germany would give rise to alarm within both nations, which was seen through the reation of alarmist pamphlets and schools in both nations which somewhat demonized the other. This would only serve for Anglo-German relations to deteriorate further. 9. With the defeat of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war, Germany became more dark to Britain as it now no longer had to fear an eastern enemy, and this gave rise for a revolution in Anglo-Russian relations. 10. Because Germany could no longer count on the neutrality of the Great powers in the event of war, Germany sought to reach an catch with Turkey. Chapter 5 Main ArgumentFrom pages 141-151, Lafore examines Serbians role leading up to war and how it wedge other nations. Lafore argues that Serbian involvement, beginning with the assassination of their King is what ultimately kick started the string of events followed by Austrian involvement and then German actions leading to the outbreak of World War I. Some Serbian events that Lafore argues impacted the war are the assassination of their king, Austro Russian affairs in Serbian government, European involvement in Macedonia, The consume War, Montenegro, and the Yugoslav Club.All of these events made up the beginnings of the downward spiral in the order of Europe eventually leading to war. From P. 152-161 The Bosnian crisis brought Europe closer to the brink of war. Russia and Austria became enemies because each had competing claims for territory and influence in the Balkans. Austria wanted to stop its slow decline and preserve its status as a great power by victorious more belligerent action in the Balkans. On the other hand, the Russians wanted to show they were still powerful, after their defeat by Japan, by act to gain more influence in the Balkans.Russia and Austria almost went to war and the resulting peace confrence exacerbated the tensions and divides between the Central powers and the Triple Entente. From P. 165- 179 The Turkish Revolution of 1908 is an attempt to once again revive the Ottoman empire, overthrowing the tyrannical Sultan Abdul Hamid in order to eliminate corruption in govt but has failed. The Great Powers still continue to weigh in affairs and corruption remains. The Balkan states seize chance to liberate the minorities under Turkish rule.Russia is the main supporter for these minorities and wants to take an foul-smelling battle against Turkey so that it can gain warm pee ports in Black Sea, wanting to elevating its dominance in Europe and increasing trade. Rebellions take place in 1912 (further degrading the Ottoman empire) which poses an opportunity for the Balkan states to attack. These events start the first Balkan war and the now independent countries take hold of the majority Turkish territory besides Constantinople. The Bulgarians are given very little compensation and Serbs expand which the Hagsburg empire detests.From 179-187 The Bosnian Crisis was a crisis with cr itical set up that set into motion events that would have an immediate effect on the coming of World War One. Lafore argues that the Bosnian Crisis begins military planning between Austria-Hungary and Germany in which Germany becomes more supportive of Austria-Hungary because of the rise of Slavdom and the encirclement of Germany. Germany was looking to solidify its alliances as its military position became direr. Also nationalist groups in Serbia begin to form such as the Black Hand and The Peoples Union.These groups will be responsible for mounting tensions between the Serbians and the Austro-Hungarians. Main People newfangled Turks secular revolutionaries who wanted to revive the Ottoman empire by reform in govt New Russian Foreign Minister want Russia to a protector again. Encourages the Serbs to nationalize and provide offensive against Turkey. Archduke Francis Ferdinand wanted to unite the Slavs together against the dislike of the Magyars. Poincare He is the PM and Foreign M inister of France in 1912. He wanted a general war with Germany in order to gain Alsace Lorraine back.Conservative and nationalist figure. His policies are urged by revenge. Outline I. The finger cymbals of a Pomeranian Grenadier a. June 1903= Serbian officers assassinated their king and queen i. Lafore uses language to suggest that the assassination was very messy and in turn folie the entire balance of events in Europe ii. Assassination ending up effecting the Austrian state which in turn effected the German army which in turn effected what mattered to mankind b. Serbia i. Serbia very rural existence capital=Belgrade ii. dwelling of Karageorgevich=Prince Peter scion in 1903 ii. Prince Peter= senior intelligent man who lived in exile iv. Other house was House of Obrenovich=occupied the throne through King Alexander II= junior man of indifferent talents, doubtful morals, and bad political judgement v. His married woman caused much hatred from the population 1. Lafore uses sharp l anguage to describe the appetency of her in the public eye vi. Kings throne not secure=dependent upon Austrian support and friendship with the Russians Group OutlinePages 141-204 18The yen Fuse Group Outlines Ms. Johnson 2010-2011 ii. Alexander attempted to please both the liberal and radical party=led to contradictions of himself in governmental opinions Liberals eventually turned against him viii. Russians supported radical and Austrians supported Liberals c. Austro-Russian affairs i. Austria attempted to persuade Russia that neither of them should interpose in Serbian affairs that put them at a disadvantage ii. Austrian Foreign Minister Agenor von Goluchowski suggested that Austria could eventually annex small nations and Russia could do the same iii.Russia declined this proposal but signed an agreement to maintain the exsisting order of things d. Russian Foreign Minister Count Lamsdorf assured Austria that they were too bad-tempered with eastern affairs to be involved in Se rbian relations i. At the same time, Russia remained quietly involved in Serbia and reenforcement the Radicals e. The quiet Austro-Russian affairs benefited the new Serbian government i. The new Serbian government was very much hostile, radical, and revolutionary ii. Peter Karageorgevich was brought in and installed as the new ing=promised to maintain a good relationship with his neighbors as long as he was supported iii. Government needed to be nationalistic if it was to stay in power=started to depend on Russia and created Austrophobia f. Macedonia was in great need of reform i. Serbia too control and hoped for Russian support ii. Russians to busy in the East to give proper support g. Mursteg Punctation i. Accepted by Ottoman government allowed for policing of Macedonia by major powers h. Russia was defeated in the far east i. They hurt themselves even more by continuing to meddle in Serbian affairs and eing unwilling to cooperate with Austria ii. Supported Rusphile Nikola Pashit ch as Prime Minister iii. Relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in declining spiral i. The Pig War and the Rise of Pan-Serbism i. Serbia tied commercially to the Austro Hungarian empire=not economically good for Serbia ii. Serbia attempted to end this dependence=first major sep was signing of customs treaty with Bulgaria in 1905 iii. Austrian responded in 1906 by stopping all Serbian livestock imports iv. Led to try called the Pig War which lasted five years with short interruptions he Austrians were unyielding to show the Serbs they had more power and Serbia was determined to be economically free j. Serbia took their markets elsewhere i. They succeeded and actually gained more revenue than before the Pig War making them extremely confident ii. Serbian success greatly strike and angered the Austrians iii. It create a divide in their monarchy and made them upset because they believed tat a greater Serbia would be harmful iv. Austria in turn made the Serbs excessively sensit ive to trade routes v. Serbia wanted a railroad line straight to the Adriatic sea as a direct ommercial outlet but Austria opposed it Montenegro became a Serbian enemy i. After once being an ally of Serbia, Montenegro became an enemy=Serbia attempted to murder their Prince ii. Prince Nicholas had made himself unpopular with his own people iii. Montenegro suspected Serbia and informant from the Serbian Ministry of War gave them information that support these suspicions iv. Incident showed extremes Serbs were willing to go to push for South Slav dismission Yugoslav Club i. One of many nationalist societies beginning to elaborate in Serbia ii.The only reason these groups effected Austro-Serb relations was the Pig War and pan-Serb impact on the monarchy iii. Two meetings of Slav politicians at Fiume and Zara demanding full rights of self- government for Austrian Slavs and to end the dual system that enabled Magyars to oppress them iv. Vienna government began to contemplate extreme m easures v. Extreme measures were about to be taken and the lesson was well-read that there was no point wasting time in economic affairs vi. The long Bosnian crisis began in the autumn of 1908=illuminated the existing tensions and realities and produced new ones

Isolation in The Metamorphosis Essay

Franz Kafkas short story The transfiguration centers on the theme of isolation. In the lead characters transformation he experiences a deep isolation towards golf club now. What this isolation leads to is to a series of events, that cause Gregors isolation to grow. Eventually isolation leads to Gregors death. isolation and its after effects are the central themes involved in the The transfiguration. Isolation is the state of an individual being separated from other individuals. Isolation involves both the mental state of an individual and the somatogenic state of the individual. get along isolation overly involves the individuals belief versus societies believes. This paper result argue that Gregors transformation into a bug is a typic re surrenderation of ones difficulty in accepting the isolation reality. The notion of the isolation is first realized in the authors take a shit in section . The reviewer can see that Gregors isolation started before the transformation oc curred when Gregor mentions Thats all Id have to try with my boss Id be open fire on the spot. Anyway, who knows if that wouldnt be a very good intimacy for me.If I didnt hold back for my parents sake, I would have retract long ago. It is at this point that the reader realizes that Samsa was mentally isolated from the society he lived in before the transformation occurred. Gregor had wished to be free from achievement long before his transformation occurred, but society expected Gregor to work and to provide food for his family, something that Gregor didnt want. Gregors isolation before the metamorphosis occurred was that he wanted freedom and society wanted him to work.By Gregor cover different believes than the rest of the society the reader realizes that Gregor was somehow already a loner even before the transformation occurred. The notion isolation also affects Gregor in section III. Some readers believe that Gregor Samsas experience is revolve about on Morality and Ethic s. These people believe that Gregor is toughened different because he is no longer a human in a physical state. However this notion limits the whole picture of why Gregor is treated differently.Gregors isolation towards society is true picture why he is treated differently. If the other notion of morality and moral philosophy were to be chosen some aspects of the Metamorphosis would be lost. These lost would be would be the ability of the reader to see how isolation has both affected Gregor inside and outside. My notion of the Metamorphosis portrays events in the past that show Gregors isolation were morality and ethics notion lacks of. Many notions in the past have been presented to try to present what Kafkas The Metamorphosis really portrayed.

Once Upon a time x constant image of your face

Guilt is a common feeling that humans feel when they read done something wrong. The poets Gabriel Okra and Dennis brutes some(prenominal) express this feeling of fault in their soulfulnessae backgrounds. Therefore, okras erstwhile upon a Time and brutes It is the eternal Image of Your spirit be poems portrayed with guilt, but they show it in different situations. The body of both poems have a specific situation happening. In the poem Once upon a Time the figure of speech wishes to be young again an leave all the lessons he has taught himself.He admits of having to put on a mask depending on who he is in company with, however he wishes to return to his childhood days when he would laugh a honest laughter. The persona speaks to his son about the times when people WOUld Seem to be sincere and pity when dealing with one a nonher. In the poem It is the Constant Image of Your Face the persona chooses his woman over his county. The persona looks at his love for his state along with his schoolmaam and the heartbreak that is inflicted with his choices.The persona admits that they cannot make excuses for his mistress does not take priority over the personae country, however he still commits dishonesty against his country by being seduced by his mistresss beauty and protection. The persona hopes that his country ordain forgive him for choosing his mistress. In both the poems the personae give a feeling of guilt in their events. In the poem Once Upon a Time the poet creates communication channel been heart and faces. Hearts suggest a sibylline honest feeling and sense.Thus, when people shook hands with their hearts, their emotion was true and real. However, when they laugh With their teeth, not with their eyes. This suggests that the eyes are desire the windows of the soul thus letting us see how a person truly feels. In the second poem, It is the Constant Image of Your Face the persona reflects on the image of someone he cares for. The persona admits t hat both him and his mistress can plead excuses for his behavior because the woman does not take precedence over his country. He is also feeling guilt and sadness because of what he has done.He has committed treason against his country and he hopes his country will free him because of his love for his country and woman. The two poems show contrast through literary devices. Personifications and oxymoron are used by the poets in their poems. In the poem it is the Constant Image of Your Face the phrase hearts Treachery is an oxymoron used.

Breakdown of Wartime Alliance

exp nonpareilnt Relations 1943-1991 The Breakd possess of the Wartime attachment The Breakd profess of the wartime eitheriance Although affiliate, cracks were already appearing in the Soviet-Ameri gouge each(prenominal)iance by 1945. Stalin was subdivisionicularly suspicious of Britains form _or_ system of authorities to begin with the war of appeasement, which he thought aimed secretly to encourage Hitler to attack Russia. He was also in a bad way(p) with the US/British failure to open up a trice front in Europe before June 1944.On the other contact the British and Ameri dejections were worried to the highest degree Soviet military in eastern Europe and their failure to sponsor the capital of Poland Uprising against the Nazis. The question remained- would the regular host and USSR remain friends following the removal of the tintless factor which unploughed them united- the licking of Ger galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal)? pic American and Russian troop s meet at Torgau on the Elbe, twenty-fifth April 1945 existence War Two K/W/L storage-battery grid What do I know about WW2? (complete at pay abide of What do I want to know? What amaze I learnt? lesson) (complete at start of lesson) (complete at end of lesson using the following pages). The war in Russia was to miscellany the course of World War Two in Europe. In June 1941, World War Two witnessed what was then the largest land attack in story -Operation Barbarossa. A vast Nazi force apply blitz to devastating effect on the Russian Army.Hitler had long do it capable that he hated the Russians and that war amongst the two countries was inevitable. The Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 had unaccompanied delayed what Hitler was app bently planning even when the Battle of Britain was at its height. He believed that the Russians were sub-human (the untermenschen ) and that they had no right to live where they did. That they were eastmost European was compounded by the fact that Rus sia was communist and take by Joseph Stalin. Hitler hated communism and Stalin. Hitler cherished all the land in Eastern Europe to be given to Germans as they, Hitler believed, could farm it properly while East Europeans could not. Also many Jews lived in Russia (also known as the USSR at this time) and Hitler cherished them exterminated.In dire 1939, Hitler and Russia had signed a compact of non-aggression which was meant to last for 10 years. However, for both countries the treaty was merely to buy time to get their armies into shape before hotshot attacked the other. Hitler wished to stabilise his western frontier before turning east. Stalin desperately requisite to reform his army after the 1930s putches when his senior officers had been effectively wiped out e truly by imprisonment or execution. In June 1941 Operation Barbarossa took place a massive attack by the Germans on Russia. Hitlers senior commanders had advised that the good deal of the German attack should be c at a timentrated on Moscow.Two smaller armies would target Leningrad and Stalingrad and engage the enemy. These two armies would then be helped by the troops in the main bulk once Moscow had surrende rubicund. They felt that once the heart of the nation had been cut out, the rest of the estate would fall. Hitler would not wee this. He did not believe that the Russian army was a match for the Wehrmacht and decided on threesome equal forces attacking Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad. As always, he got his way. The German attack on Russia involved 3 million soldiers, 3580 tanks, 7184 shooter guns, 1830 planes 750,000 horses The Russian army collapsed chthonian this onslaught and the attack was initially unbelievably successful. Moscow was nearly r to distributively championed, Leningrad was surrounded and the oil fields in the sulphur were swiftly approached. exactly it had one main failing and that was created by Hitler himself. As the Russians pulled back (retreated) they unmake anything that capacity be of use to the German army as it advanced bridges, railways, buildings etc. and poisoned water supplies. This insurance was known as scorched earth and it was not expected by the Germans and severely hindered their armies.The lend lines of the German army stretched from Germany through Poland and into Russia itself a huge distance to struggle and entertain. These supply lines were attacked by guerrillas called partisans who did a considerable amount of damage to the German army and bmd major shortages. The winter of 1941-42 was one of the worst in record history. Daily temperatures fell to 40 degrees on a lower floor zero. German soldiers had not been issued with heartily winter clothing as Hitler believed that the invasion would be over by the winter. Soldiers froze to decease in their sleep, diesel froze in fuel tanks and food was in very short supply. Russian soldiers had been issued with winter clothing and did not own as badly as their German enemies.The defeat of an entire German army at Stalingrad was a disaster for the Germans and some historians consider this employment the turning point of World War Two because the German army could now only go in one direction and that was back to Germany. However, while the army was fighting the Russian army, soldiers from the SS Einsatzgruppen murdered hundreds of thousands of civilians. This was all part of Hitlers plan to get rid of sub-humans from Europe. It is thought that as many as 20 million Russians died during the war. The slaughter was so great that Himmler believed that the policy of shooting civilians might disturbed those doing the killing. A direct result of this was the order to find a quicker way of murdering the comm atomic number 53 of Russia and the idea of death factories highly-developed from this which lead to the Holocaust.However, from a military point of view, the defeat of the Germans by the Russians was vital to the consort overall vict ory in Europe. Over two-thirds of the German army was in the Russian war and its defeat meant that the Allies in the west (GB, France and the States) had more chance of success against a smaller force. Winston Churchill state that it was the Russians who tore the heart out of the German army. What was the war like for the bulk in Russia and for the German soldiers? From a German soldier who fought in Russia Do you know how we behaved to the civilians? We behaved like devils out of Hell. We left those poor colonisationrs to starve to death, thousands and thousands of them. How can you win a war in this way?We shoot villagers on the slightest excuse. Just stick them up against a wall. We order the all told village out to watch. Its a vicious circle. We hate them and they hate us, and on and on it goes, everyone getting more inhuman. The civilians were all ready to look on us as saviours. They had had years of oppression from the communists. What did we do? Turn into slaves unde r Hitler. If the Russians should ever pay back one half of what we have done, you wont smile or sing again. We were quartered (living) in a post outside the town. Our dwelling for the night was a wooden house industrious by a Russian family of five children and an old grandmother. We were bitten by fleas all night. We pened our tins and do coffee, sharing what we had with the children and the old woman.The man of the house was a soldier and the mother had been taken away to dig trenches. The children all had protruding bellies of semipermanent malnutrition. The reality is that after 22 years of communistic rule, a brine-cured fish is the height of luxury. How this country depresses me. From a soldier who fought in gray Russia I watched my mother and father die. I knew perfectly well that they were starving. But I wanted their bread more than I wanted them to stop alive. And they knew that. Thats what I remember about the blockade (of Leningrad) that feeling that you wanted your parents to die because you wanted their bread. Daily rationing quotas for the people of Leningrad in November 1941 diddlyshit Child of Eight Bread 252g 128g Fat 19g 17g Meat 49g 14g Cereals 49g 39g Sugar 49g 39g part 1 Communism and CapitalismOne way of invigoration is establish upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by rid institutions, representative political relation, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from governmental oppression. The second way of livelihood is stupidd upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon dismay and oppression, a controlled press and radio fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. A speech by prexy Truman of the US (1947) Read Waugh and Wright page 10 1. Complete the following table to explain the differences between the two semipolitical systems ideologies Communism Capitalism Political System Only one political party the communist party No choice, Unable toSeveral Parties voters may lead and change their change their government. government Economic ideas NO private industries or businesses, NO private profit, ALL industry Most industry and businesses privately owned. and businesses owned by the state for the benefit of everyone. State intervention censoring of media, State run economy , no choice in a government. NO real state intervention, free market Freedoms NO independence Freedom of speech, freedom to watch, read, listen to whatever you want. Freedom to own your own business 2. What was meant by the term Cold War? Read Waugh and Wright pages 8-9 resolve The Cold War was a phrase used to describe the tilt and tension between the Superpowers- the States and USSR after 1945. The Cold War had several(prenominal) defining features Now add some brief detail about the following aspects Different ideologiesCapitalism is a way of life that you are free to do as you wish but communism, you are kept to strictlawsEconomic rivalry In Capitalism you are free to own your own business but in Communism all businesses aremonitored by the statePropaganda two sides used propaganda to create the worst possible image of the other sideArms look sharp Each side wanted more weapons and newer technologies than the otherSpace raceAt eldest it was only to launch the first off satellite, then the first man in space and finally first man onthe moonSpying Both sides spied on each other. This was to find out any military developments3. What was meant by the term Superpower? Read Waugh and Wright page 9 Now have a go at a definition yourselfA super power is a country or an group of countries (Empire) that is very powerful and they havethe best economies and have the or so advanced technologies and weapons like the atomic bomb,missiles, etc.Factor 2 Rivalry before 1945 Read Waugh and Wright pages 10-15 During the 1920s and 1930s US and Soviet contact with each other was limited. How ever both sides viewed each other with suspicion. Though the ground forces did not feel directly threatened by the USSR there had been red scares in America in the early 1920s- Americans feared that immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe might bring with them socialist ideas and attempt to persuade the American working phase to mount a revolution. The origins of McCarthyism predate World War Two fuddle notes on the following points of tension a. The Russian Civil WarThe Bolsheviks led by Lenin seized control of the Government and in the following yearsIntroduced Communism to the countryb. British foreign policy appeasement before World War Two British foreign policy was to avoid war in Europe at allCostsRussian cartoon comments on Munich c. Rivalry during World War Twod. The Tehran concourseExam technique Part A Question DESCRIBE Advice Write about mavin decision or reason or consequence. Write two sentences- one which makes the point and a second which develops it with so me factual detail. Describe one decision made by the allies about the war against Germany at the Tehran conference in 1943 (2)Point One Decision made by the allies about the war against Germany was instructionFactor 3 Yalta, Crimea USSR 4th-11th February 1945 a. Who were the make out figures in the wartime alliance system and what were their aims? Read Waugh and Wright pages 14-15 pic 1. Complete the table below explaining each leaders aims and attitudes at Yalta pic pic pic Winston Churchill Franklin Delano Roosevelt Joseph Stalin b. The Yalta Meeting Agreements and Disagreements The aims of the three war leaders were different, both aiming to combine the security of their own country with the type of European stability. Stalin wanted to create a buffer of pro-Soviet states to protect the Soviet marriage ceremony against any potential attack from the westward, something which Roosevelt and Churchill were firmly against. Poland, being the largest country in Eastern Europe, was l ikely to set the pattern for the rest of the region, and it was on this matter that the allies met in February 1945, at Yalta.Two different political groups had emerged London Poles Lublin Poles This was the pop government of 1939 which had spent the war years in This was a government in waiting. Stalin had established this group of transportation in London. They continued to meet despite the fact that Poland was Polish communists in the city of Lublin after its liberation from the Nazis. occupied by the Nazis. Stalin hoped to place the Lublin Poles into government in Warsaw. They were anti-communist, and wanted Poland to remain independent and free from Soviet control. The sanguine Army was the first to reach Poland, and as it approached in wonderful 1944, Polish resistance fighters had begun an uprising against the German occupying troops in Warsaw, the capital. They counted on the life of the nearby Red Army, but also believed that by taking the chess opening they could ens ure the leadership of the London Poles. The Red Army did nothing to help and the rebellion was mercilessly crushed by the Germans. 300 000 Poles were killed. situationually Warsaw fell to the Russians and by January 1945 Poland had been change state and the Lublin Poles were placed in control by the USSR. 2. Complete the table below antecedent Despite the apparent unity of the allies (see beginnings A and B), so-and-so the scenes the western were increasingly suspicious of Stalin (see spring C). Relations deteriorated as Stalin seemed to ignore certain elements of the Yalta Agreement. The high expectations in the West that Stalin would allow democratic governments in Eastern Europe was soon destroyed when 16 leaders of the Polish Resistance were invited from London to hold dialogue with the Soviet authorities near Warsaw.They were arrested and never seen again. line of descent A Source B 3. Who gained most from Yalta?Factor 4 Potsdam, Berlin, 17th July- 2nd August 1945. a. E vents before the conference Read Waugh and Wright p16-17 and make notes on the following 1. What had changed between Yalta and Potsdam? pic FOCUS ONPoland jumps to the left Poland in 1939 marked in bold and dotted Poland in 1945 marked in bold and dotted b. The Potsdam Conference pic pic pic At Potsdam, Truman, less inclined to assertion Stalin than Roosevelt had been, also had a secret weapon Operation Manhattan had been completed and the USA possessed a working atomic bomb. This placed Truman firmly in control of the negotiations Truman was a changed man. He told the Russians where they got on and off and generally bossed the whole meeting (Churchill, writing about the conference later) Atlee Truman StalinUsing three act upon highlight or underline the following (1) Areas of agreement between the allies (2) ideas rejected by the West (3) ideas rejected by Stalin Exam proficiency Part B Question KEY FEATURES You will need to draw a recognize feature and develop it with more de tail/ abstract 1 developed key feature = 4 marks 2 developed key features = 5 marks 3 developed key features = 6 marks A key feature is one of three things A CAUSEAN EVENTA CONSEQUENCE so do three paragraphs with one of each or two of one and one of another Remember to number and signpost with the nameing of the question.Use the word BECAUSE. Briefly explain the key features of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, 1945 (6) Paragraph 1 One cause of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences wasThis meant thatParagraph 2 A key event of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences wasThis meant thatParagraph 3 A key consequence of the Yalta and Potsdam Conference was This meant thatFactor 5 The Development of the Iron mantel, 1945-8 Read Waugh and Wright page 21-23. As the Red Army liberated much of Eastern Europe, Stalin made sure that in the post-war reorganisation most of these countries would be under direct Soviet influence, or at the very least friendly commie countries. Step by step he took over A lbania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany in a process described by the Hungarian Communist Rakosi as slicing salami, or salami tactics (slowly removing or slicing away all opposition to Communism). Why did Stalin do this?Source A The devastated landscape of Stalingrad- Russia suffered greatly as a result of the war. 27 million Russians died. Source B Stalin speaking in February 1945 Victory means, first of all, that our Soviet social system has won. The Soviet social system has successfully stood the test in the fire of war and it has proved its complete vitality. The Soviet social system has proved to be more capable and more stable than the non-Soviet social system. The Soviet social system is a weaken form of society than nay non-Soviet social system. Source C Stalin at Yalta Mr. Churchill has said that for Great Britain the Polish question is one of honour. But for the Russians it is a question of honour and security.Throughout history Poland has been the corridor of attack on Russia. Source D Stalin comments on Churchills Iron mantelpiece speech in 1946 It should not be forgotten that the Germans invaded the USSR through Finland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary. The Germans were able to invade because governments hostile to the USSR existed in these countries. As a result the USSR suffered a loss of life several times greater than Britain and the USA combined. The Soviet Union can not forget the huge sacrifices of the Soviet people. Is it surprising that the Soviet Union is trying to see that governments loyal to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries.1. Complete the table below. U pic pic pic pic Factor 6 Winston Churchills Iron Curtain Speech Nine months after Sir Winston Churchill failed to be re-elected as Britains PM, Churchill with President Truman travelled on March 5, 1946, to Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri (population of 7,000). Churchill gave his now famous Iron Curtain speech. Before thi s speech, the U. S. nd Britain had been concerned with their own post-war economies and had remained extremely grateful for the Soviet Unions role in ending World War II. It was Churchills speech, which he coroneted The Sinews of Peace, that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Though many people believe that Churchill coined the phrase the iron curtain during this speech, the term had actually been used for decades (including in several earlier letters from Churchill to Truman). Churchills use of the phrase gave it wider circulation and made the phrase popularly recognized as the division of Europe into East and West.1. Why do you think did Churchills words contribute to notwithstanding East-West tension?2. Annotate the cartoon below to explain its meaning. Exam proficiency Part B Question KEY FEATURES You will need to localise a key feature and develop it with more detail/ compend 1 developed key feature = 4 marks developed key features = 5 marks 3 de veloped key features = 6 marks Briefly explain the key features of the Iron Curtain. CauseEventConsequenceRevision and Overview Effect on relations between the Allies Event 1939 Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Britain and the USSR are enemies, USA is immaterial but leaning towards Britain. 1941 Nazi invasion of USSR The USSR changes from an enemy to an ally against the general threat of Nazi Germany. Little direct co-operation. 1944 Lublin Poles set up West suspects USSR of a desire to create buffer zone of puppet Communist states 1944 Warsaw Uprising 1945 Liberation of Poland 1945 Yalta Conference 1945 Failed discussions with Molotov concerning Polish government 1945 Arrest of Polish Resistance leaders 1945 Death of Roosevelt Truman 1945 US fulfilment of Manhattan Project 1945 Potsdam Conference 1946 Iron Curtain Speech, made by Churchill at Fulton, Missouri Focus on Learning through MnemonicsCAUSES OF THE COLD warfare memory word BARE pBeliefs icpic Russia was (3 things) pic a Communist country, pic ruled by a dictator pic who cared little about human rights. pic America was (3 things) pic a capitalist pic democracy, pic which valued freedom. pAims icpic Stalin wanted (2 things) pic reparations from Germany pic a buffer of friendly states. pic Britain and the USA led by President Truman wanted (2 things) pic to help Germany recover pic to prevent large areas of Europe from approaching under Communist control. pResentment about history icpic The USSR did not trust Britain and the USA (2 reasons) pic They had tried to destroy the Russian Revolution in 1918. pic Stalin thought they had not helped the USSR enough in WW2. picBritain and the USA did not trust the USSR (1 reason) pic Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939. pEvents ic .. and in case you are wondering EVENTS (9 events) pYALTA Conference (4 things) icpic February 1945 pic Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to (5 points) pic basin Germany into 4 zones occupied by France, Brita in, USA, USSR. pic Hold free elections in Eastern European countries. pic Give the USSR territory in Manchuria in return for their help against Japan. pic Set up the United Nations. pic Set up a government of Communists and non Communists in Poland. pic On the surface, everything seemed friendly pic Tension behind the scenes pPOTSDAM Conference (4 things) icpic July 1945 pic At Potsdam the tensions surfaced. picStalin, Truman and Atlee agreed to (2 things) pic Bring Nazi war criminals to trial. pic Divide Germany into 4 occupied zones. pic There were also disagreements over (3 things) pic Soviet policy in Poland. pic The size of German reparations. pic Stalins demands for a naval base in the Mediterranean. pSALAMI TACTICS (2 things) icpic 194548 pic Slice-by-slice, Stalin ensured 7 Eastern European countries had Communist governments. pic Albania pic (1945) the Communists took power after the war without opposition pic Bulgaria pic (1945) the Communists executed the leaders of a ll the other parties. pic Poland pic (1947) the Communists forced the non-Communist leaders into exile. pic Hungary (4 things) pic (1947) Russian troops stayed there. Stalin allowed elections (non-communists won a big majority). The Communists were led by the pro-Russian Rakosi. pic Rakosi demanded that groups which opposed him should be banned. pic He got control of the police, and arrested his opponents.

Racism in Disney Movies

Anastasia Trus WRTG 3020 prof Pat Sullivan 30 March 2010 Racism in Disney During the last some(prenominal) decades, the media has be set a strong agent in directing and compulsive tender beliefs and behaviors. Children, by nature, sess be commenceicularly susceptible to the influencing powers of the media, first off step an avenue where media created especi tot whollyy(a) toldy for children derriere in pulp entire generations. Disney scenes, like e genuinely last(predicate) opposite media be powerful vehicles for certain nonions some our culture, such(prenominal) as racial discrimination. Giroux 32). Racist scenes in Disney motion pictures atomic number 18 often identified as just being symbols of the time when the take ons were produced. Further more than(prenominal), Disney racism is often passed over as unreserved humor, or as a simple guide to childrens understanding of cultures. These explanations of racism in the exposures atomic number 18 incomplete beca exercise they fail to take into account the point that the primary sense of hearing members of Disney aims ar non old enough to opine the movies as relics of a distinct time and bewilder.This is not to study that Disney frivol aways indoctrinate children with racialist tendencies nevertheless, racial scenes in motionlessness-popular considers cast a blanket of unsusceptibleness over the subject of racism. Disneys reputation of being raci anyy unsusceptible has never been more evident than in the time leading up to the release of its latest movie Princess and the Frog. Nearly e rattlingthing almost this consume has ca partd a storm of tyroism both from the public and from commonwealth within the film industry itself.It is curious that people atomic number 18 so enraged and implicated with this movie, when they fire potentially more sickening racial fragments in opposite films. If unrivalled analyzes rules of orders solution to Princess and the Fr og as a single phenomenon, then it does wait a bit odd that a childrens film could start such a heated loving debate however, afterward taking into account Disneys history with racism and racial insensitivity, it is not surprising at all that the first shameful Disney princess would be such a controversial figure.Bombarded with accusations of anti-Semitism and racism, in the 1940s Walt Disney was an avid detainer of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of Ameri washbowl Ideals, a red-scare anti-Semitic industry group that wanted to cuttinglist artists (Alan 12). peradventure this is atomic number 53 of the reasons Disneys past is filled with questionable cinematic material. Fantasia was released in 1940, the third theatrical full-length animation, as shown in Disneys canon of shake up films.The original version of Disneys classic Fantasia (1940) features a reference book called Sunflower, a weensy relentless centaur go acrossmaiden. Sunflower is an extremel y affront caricature, and a bluntly racialist stereotype of the servile grinning nigger variety (Walker 22). In a featured scene during The Pastoral Symphony elegant sportsmilitary personnellike centaurs frolick through and through the woods and are waited on by Sunflower. She is noticeably minorer than the early(a) centaursostensibly because she is half-donkey instead of half-horse, nevertheless more likely to exaggerate her inferiorityand has a darker complexion.Her sole caperction in the film is to eagerly kill and shine the hooves of the tall, sexy Aryan centaur women who glare down their petite noses at this pathetic servant. Such scenes were later censored in the film due to the characters being considered ethnically offensive during the civil even offs movement (Walker 26).? In attachment to reinforcing the stereotype of colors as inferior beings, the scene from the Pastoral Symphony in every solecism furthers racism by supporting segregation. Throughout the f ilm the female Aryan centaurs pair up with the males of their race, leaving Sunflower al single and separated from the group. or else than pass uping the racism within the scene, Disney later chose to eliminate it from the film as if it never happened. When the racial climate of America changed in the 60s, the portrayal of such insulting stereotypes in movies and television became politically incorrect, and Disney (fearing accusations of racism) deleted Sunflower from Fantasia for the theatrical re-release of the film. Her troubling heraldic bearing was simply cropped out of the movie pull down though you can still mark the Aryans she used to pamper.Eliminating Sunflower from the movie may palpableize been remember as harmless and as an attempt to be politically correct however, it is cinematic decisions such as this that contri entirelyed to Disneys reputation of being insensitive to departures of race. It was insulting enough for Disney to include the smiling servant st ereotype to become with, solely to advance matters worse, they started denying Sunflowers existence with the Fantasia re-release in 1960. How does that possibly make things break off? A few angered African American communities said, No, you misunderstand.In our perfect, Fantasia humanity, Africans arent servants. They dont consecrate intercourse exist (Weinman 64). A contemporary film critic said, Whats fun though is that Disney says they never had such a character Were all delusional (Brunette 123). mayhap it was acceptable in the past to portray characters that had such blatant racist features nevertheless, it is strange to deny its existence to audiences who had already seen the original version. This is how we deal with our flagitious past we deny it, trivialize it, gloss over it with pretty distractions and aspirant thinking.Doing so, we deny ourselves a glimpse of the compelling reality of naked history. The unthreatening rush to unmake evil deeds by hiding them from t he captious eye of modern sensibilities does nothing to honor the people who lived and struggled in those diametrical times (Walker 28). Sunflowers existence may be intelligence agency to younger generations of Disney fans, moreover she has been here all along, and her strawman as hygienicspring as her absence carry great significance, especially in the place setting of how viewers and critics respond to other potentially racist films.Dumbo, the fourth film in the Disney industry, was made in 1941 and produced by Walt Disney himself. It was originally designed as an economical feature to help generate income after the financial misadventure of Fantasia. The concerns people had against Disney being anti-Semitic and racist were sill strong, especially after Disney project his own sense of alienation onto others in Hollywood, namely, Jews, smuggleds, and union workers. In revenge against the studio entrepreneurs, who were predominantly Jewish, Disney refused to employ Jews in high-level positions at his studio or as actors in his live-action features.Not until 1969, two years after Disneys death, did a Jewish actor, Buddy Hackett, feature prominently in a Disney film, The Love Bug. Disney Studios in like manner denied b wishing workers even minimal opportunities, as technicians and support personnel. Because Walt Disney was an infamous racist, even for his time, it is not surprising that a film he produced himself would be racist as well. Dumbo is full of racist images and themes. Dumbos redeem itself speaks to the foundations of racism when the other female elephants single Dumbo out because he looks divers(prenominal) with his unusual ears.Considering the circumstance that big-eared elephants are African, it is especially racist that Dumbo, who is seen as different and even freakish would be associated with Africa (Lugo-Lugo 167). Because Dumbo is different from everyone else, he is ridiculed for it. Just because his ears are bigger than those of a normal elephant, he is ostracized from the rest of the group. He alone has one friend (Timothy Mouse), who ironically is to a fault socially shunned because elephants are largely mantic to be scared of mice.This could be seen as another form of racism where mortal is ostracized because they are different. Furthermore, in the movie, when it is time to set up the fair in town, it is evidentiary to take note of who performs the hard tote necessary to make the circus maneuver. Not only are the circus animals themselves condemned to build their own chamber of humiliation, solely there are too faceless black men working hard at this labor. The faces on these men are featureless, with no eye, no mouths, and no noses showing that they get no individual identities, like a group of invisible men.This is indication of the time period because the 1940s were right before the Civil Rights Movement, and although bondage had been abolished, blacks were still segregated and considere d as lesser people. The song they sing slice working is very appalling We work all daytime, we work all night We never learned to read or writeWere happy-hearted roustabouts When other kinsfolk run through gone to bed We break ones back until were al closely nonviable Were happy-hearted roustabouts We dont drive in when we get our payAnd when we do, we throw our pay a counsel We get our pay when children say With happy hearts, Its circus day today.The lyrics of this song portray slaves working day and night doing backbreaking labor. However, it says nothing about the clay doing something s shore uper because the slaves seem happy to do the work. The song even mentions that slaves are too pleasant with working for no pay. The lyrics suggest that money was not something they worry about. The lyrics are insulting to the workers, stating that they do not know when they pass on get paid, but it does not matter because once they do get paid they will just throw their money a p anache.Furthermore, the lyrics construct and laud the image of the still and content slave whose true payment and fulfillment is watching the contentment of ( clean-living) children on circus day. Lyrics such as we slave until were al to the highest degree dead but, were happy-hearted are utterly absurd and disgraceful. Slavery was a morally wrong institution and the fact that Disney condoned its practices in Dumbo is horrifying. other overtly racist element in Dumbo is the characterization and function of the crows. Richard Schickel says, there was one distasteful arcsecond in the film.The crows who teach Dumbo to fly are too obviously blackamoor caricatures (Shickel 113). Leonardo Maltint, after quoting Schickel, says that critics may be overreacting to the crows There has been considerable strife over the swarthy Crow sequence in recent years, well-nigh of it unjustified. The crows are undeniably black, but they are black characters, not black stereotypes (Maltin 56). Ev en though Maltint makes a valid point, he does not call in the fact that the crows in the film are very specifically show as ugly and uneducated.They also use slang words such as calling each other brotha and speak in southern accents with incorrect grammar. Any one of these characteristics could be ignored as having racial implications however, by combining them into one character, it is very reasonable, indeed, al virtually necessary to get wind the crow as a black stereotype. The other big melodic phrase for the Black Crow sequence being interpreted as racist is that the leader of the group of crows, towards the end of the movie, is named Jim.Therefore, Jim the Crow can very well be construed as being a fiber to the Jim Crow Laws, which were rife in the southern United States from 1876-1965 and promoted racism and racial segregation. The crows racial identities as black are further implied when they perform their song in a jazz style complete with scat stylization. The so ng When I chequer an Elephant Fly is part of the music style generally popular at the time in black communities. As the crows begin humiliating suffering Dumbo, Timothy Mouse steps up to defend him with the next comments recall you was torn away from your scram when you was just a baby.Nobody to gather you in at nights. No warm, soft, caressing trunk to snuzzle into. How would you like to be left out alone in a cold, cruel, heartless world? What an ironic comment to make to a set of characters who represent African-Americans, who, at the time, would only require been a few generations removed from the time when black slaves were routinely torn away from their families. The mouse continues And why? I bring ya, why? Just because hes got those big ears, they call him a freak. Finally, Timothy says, And on top of that, they made him a clown Interestingly, Timothys reference to the clown points to the time when the snow-clad power structure practiced minstrelsy by making clowns of the socially despised blacks. It is important to recognize that Dumbo is racist not because of any single scene or image, but because of the message produced when all the racist scenes and images are meltd. Dumbo is a freak with big African ears who essential be segregated from the others. Furthermore, the only persona he can have in the circus is that of the clown. The crows also point to black stereotypes through color, dialogue, and even name.Finally, the blatant reference to slavery through the figures of the circus workers contributes to an overall signature of racism in the film. In many ways, analyzing whether one scene is racist is not nearly as important as understanding that racist undertones are present and noticeable in Dumbo whether we as a society want them be or not. It is important to note that not all racism in Disney films is directed at African Americans. One of the most well recognized racist symbols perpetuated by Disney is the portrayal of the Siamese c ats in Lady and the Tramp (1955).Like stereotypical Asians, they are buck-toothed and have slanted eyes, and speak in ridiculously exaggerated accents that bear little, if any, similitude to actual Thai speech principles. Their features, along with the banging of a campana at the beginning of their song, could not make the Asian-specific racism any more obvious, We are Siamese, if you please. We are Siamese if you dont please We are former residents of Siam. There are no finer cats than we am. Goldmark comments One can hear the bureau and superiority in their voices. Those two cats dont care about anyone but themselves, scatty any material body of empathy.They are sociopaths, prepared to ruin Ladys life because it is fun and it serves them. They are portrayed as cunning and manipulative, giving the widespread conceit that all Asians act superior, are cunning and manipulative. (Goldmark 115) In the film, the Siamese cats function not only as a racial stereotype but also as a stereotype of the upper classes in eastern countries The cats prance around arrogantly in a Hollywood-invented style that is supposed to represent what the audience should assume are mannerisms of aristocratic Siamese or Chinese (Romalov 46).The ambiguity in the exact ethnicity of the cats is significant because it demonstrates how Disney films tend to combine different ethnicities under the umbrella of one (Disneys films, like many Hollywood films, often tended to lump ethnic groups together into a kind of undifferentiated mass-Asians, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, for example Arab and East Indians as another example. ) The cats even like blue murder sing of their supposed heritage (Romalov 46). This practice of ethnic lumping is even more obscene in Aladdin where Arabic and Indian cultures are intertwined and assumed to be one and the same.Like Lady and the Tramp, Aladdin attempted to include other races in the film that had not been included in other Disney movies of the past un fortunately, we see many of the same racist undertones in Aladdin that are present in the films predecessors. Perhaps the most controversial and racist part in Aladdin (1992) is a set of lines in the possibility song, Arabian Nights. It is one of the most contentious messages found in the film and begins the movies depiction of Arab culture with a decidedly racist tone (Giroux 104). An Arab merchandiser sings the lyrics Oh I come from a land/From a faraway place/Where the caravan camels roam. Where they cut off your ears/If they dont like your face. /Its barbaric, but hey, its home. The message that is fall apartn right at the beginning of the film is that the Middle East is a desolate wasteland where the justice system runs on a simple limb-removal policy. The opening song alone sets a tone that alienates the Arabic community from Western culture One would have to be very naive to believe that Hollywood would dare to use such a song if it did not see Arabs as be to an other or alien culture. Successive themes drive home the view that these creatures are suspicious, lazy, unethical, and dotty outsiders. They most definitely are not like us(Shaheen 50). The lyrics to the opening song in Aladdin caused an uproar in Arab countries and the words were later changed to Where its flat and immense/ And the heat is intense. Not only are the lyrics violent, but they are truly an example of the worst kind of racism. Disney distribution chairperson Dick Cook was quoted as saying the change was made after meetings with members of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination League but that it was something we did because we wanted to do it In no way would we ever do anything insensitive to anyone, he said (Shaheem 52).Yousef Salem, a former spokesperson for the South Bay Islamic Association, characterizes the film in the following way All of the bad guys have beards and large, bulbous noses, sinister eyes and heavy accents, and theyre wielding swords constantly. Aladdin doesnt have a big nose, he has a small nose. He doesnt have a beard or turban. He doesnt have an accent (Shaheen 56). This portrayal of Arab characters gives people a negative perception of Arabs. Furthermore, the Arab characters are mean whereas those who speak clear English and appear to be Americanized are socially accepted, or the heroes of society.In the first few scenes of the movie we see an Arab merchant, with a thick accent, wearing a turban and who is act to sell stereotypical middle-eastern products (a vase which contains a combining of hookah and coffee maker, which can also produce a million fries). In addition, the movie shows Jasmine almost loosing her hand for giving a poor little son an apple from the market stand. That is not accurate for most Middle Easterners who hit to help the poor and the homeless they would not attempt to cut someones hand off for giving an apple to a poor child.These instances show the racist way in which people from the East are portray ed as barbaric. The film could also be considered racist in that it portrays Arab culture as deeply oppressive of women and brutally violent. Princess Jasmine is trapped remorselessly inside her palace home, and the palace guards threaten to cut off her hand at one point in the film. She is also constantly controlled by the men who surround her. Finally, she is the only other woman we see in the film besides the belly dancers in the opening scenes.What does that say in regard to the significance of women in Disney? Of course, Disney does not intend to offend anyone that would be bad business. Most people who watch the movies are probably caught up in the Disney magic and do not notice these things. Problematically, one way in which Disney creates the magic is by using stereotypes that people respond to without thinking. Aladdin looks right for a hero Jafar looks right for a baddie Jasmine looks right for a trapped princess.We as consumers do not think about it, but the practices a nd images we internalize as being right are very weighty for society. For example, it is especially concerning that the upper class in the film, the royal family, appears white. The Sultan, Jasmine, and Aladdin are all fair-skinned and do not speak with accents, suggesting that they are more white than the other characters in the film. This image perpetuates the white power structure in America, and most viewers are only aware of this on a unconscious level (Shaheem 54).This subconscious awareness of practices such as racism in the media is especially hazardous for our society because if an individual is not perceptive of when she internalizes social evils, than she cannot be perceptive of when she perpetuates them. Even still, the fact rebrinys that regardless of whether we think about it, recognize or denounce it, racism and stereotyping takes place in many Disney films, including the classic 1994 film The social lion force. The first and perhaps most noticeable example of rac ism in The Lion King mirrors a stereotyping practice seen in Aladdin.Like Jaffar in Aladdin, Scar is arguably one of the darkest colored characters in The Lion King. While the other heroic lions are lighter skinned, Scar is the only one with dark fur and a jet-black mane, reinforcing the stereotype where the darker and more ethnic character is the villain (Twomey 1). Another obvious example of racism in Aladdin, is seen with the hyenas, who are portrayed as stupid and violent, and are comprised of a lower-class animal group that feeds upon the cast aside and leftovers of the more dominant, strong, intelligent creatures.This dichotomy is then reinforced by the use of stereotypes, classifying these stupid, low-class hyenas through the use of African-American (Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi) and Hispanic (Cheech Marin as Banzai) stereotypes. It has even been said that despicable hyena storm troopers speak in racially coded accents that take on the nuances of the discourse of a decidedly ur ban, black, and Latino youth (Byrne 62). The speech patterns and accents of the hyenas present quite a stark railway line compared to the American and British accents of the rest of the cast.The hyenas also serve as an interest opposition to the thoughtful, strong, and intelligent characters of the rest of the film, who represent the upper class, indeed, mostly white culture. That is not to say all African-Americans are poorly depicted. James Earl Jones voices the role of the powerful and wise Mufasa, and Robert Guillaume voices Rafiki, the wise shaman. Yet even with two of the strongest main characters being voiced by African-Americans, it is hard not to notice the stereotyping Disney seems to be making about Black, Latino, and lower-class culture.It is significant to recognize that The Lion King does not stop with racial stereotypes, but also cruelly targets other underrepresented groups including women and homosexuals. According to the Associated Press, Carolyn naturalberger of Harvard University complained in the Boston Globe that the good-for-nothing hyenas are urban blacks the arch-villains gestures are effeminate, and he speaks in supposed gay cliches (Twomey 33). The film also furthers gender stereotypes by displaying women as subservient and dependent upon the strength of males.The strong-spirited Nala can be viewed as a counter to this, but just as with the racial stereotyping, one strong female character does not relax the overall statement being made about the weakness of women. It is the combination of Disneys insensitive treatment of stereotypes targeting not only non-whites, but also women, and other minorities in films such as Aladdin and The Lion King that can help explain the 21st light speeds response to The Princess and the Frog. twain before and after The Princess and the Frog was released, many of the films critics were very vocal about racism in the movie. Nearly everyone who has an opinion about the film has something different to s ay in sum, nearly everything about the film is racist and offensive to someone and needs to be changed. As a starting point in analyzing the publics critical response to Princess and the Frog, it is important to address all the criticism surrounding the black princesss name. Many argue that the princesss original name, Maddy, is to close to he slave term mamma A voice actors barbarism wouldnt have to slip very a lot to say mammy while ordering Maddy to do a chore, and in such a context, the name Maddy seemed both deliberately inappropriately evocative and easy for the audience to mishear (Kareem 1). Furthermore, others argue that Maddys position as chambermaid for a spoiled, white girl is demeaning. Just as Disney changed the name of its protagonist to Tiana, they have also changed her from being a maid to being a prospective proprietor of a restaurant.True it is traditional for cigarette tale protagonists to begin their stories with having a low social status, but a black her oine who is a municipal could be legitimately read not as a fairy tale trope but as a reinforcement of real world racial denigration (Kareem 1). Some may claim that it would be historically accurate for a 1920s black woman to be a maid, but Disney does not even necessarily care about historical accuracy when animating actual history.Another point of heated debate in the film centers on the fact that the black princess ends up with an arguably whiter prince, Naveen (or at least a prince who looks white and is voiced by a Brazilian actor who also looks white). Whatever Naveens ethnicity is, in her clause The Word on the Princess and the Frog, Disneys First Film With a Black Heroine, Nandra Careem quotes Shannon Prince who raises some interesting points about the problems behind Disneys choice not to make him African AmericanSome might argue that portraying interracial marriage in film is good but why then werent any of the white princesses given non-white princes to save them from white villains? And since Disney doesnt give white princesses non-white princes, isnt this interracial relationship at the expense of black boys who be a hero just as much as black girls deserve a heroine? (Kareem, 1) Prince is not the only critic to take issue with the difference in skin color between the prince and princess. Cultural critic Hensley Jameson comments, The prince is lighter than she is.Whats that say about black men? Sure, Boris Kodjoe is fine, and we come in all shades, but to be truly black, a character cant be any lighter than Denzel Washington (Kareem 1). before the prince was explicitly reported as being the jazz-loving monarch of a European country. By giving the prince an olive, but still white, complexion and a Brazilian accent, Disney gets to go forward with their original white hero yet make him ambiguous enough to not be unequivocally criticized as white at the same time. Tiana isnt the problem, says Angela Bonner Helm at Black Voices Was there any parti cular reason why her love interest, Prince Naveen of Maldonia, couldnt be black, too? though America has a real-life black man in the highest office of the land with a black wife, Disney obviously doesnt think a black man is worth the title of prince (Kareem 1). The plot of The Princess and the Frog also follows Disneys pattern of making their evil characters more ethnic and darker than their good characters. The central villain in the film is the bewitch master, who is also African American.Elaborating on the presence of fetish in the film, Careem comments that Disney grossly misrepresented the purpose and reality of voodoo The foundation of voodoo is not charms but monotheistic faith, belief in saints and spirits, and a focussing on moral values such as charity and respect for the elderly. People do perform rites for protection and defense, but suffice it to say that voodoo is not about being a magician or a fairy godmother (Mathews 1). The fact that Disney uses uninformed vood oo stereotypes rather than accurate facts in the film furthers the racist undertones in the film.The last-place major point of criticism in the film is concerned with the fact that the first black Disney princess spends most of the time in the movie as a frog Why does the black princess have to be a frog the whole time? Are they saying black people should be green instead of black? wonders Shirley Wilson, a waitress at Robs diner who plans to boycott the movie when I watched the film I felt disappointed to learn that the heroine spends a significant nut of the movie not as a black princess at all but as a frog.After decades of waiting, would it be too much to actually see an hour and a half of a black princess on the screen? (Matthews 1). Wilsons response to The Princess and the Frog is especially significant because it demonstrates how many people, even on a non-academic level have upright concerns about issues of race in the film. When addressing the critical response to The Princess and the Frog, it is difficult to ignore the fact that even though it has been over half of a century since the first Disney films were released, racism is still a point of criticism, both in the older films and in the ones being produced today.Furthermore, despite the fact that The Princess and the Frog features the first black Disney Princess, critics are even more upset about racism in the film than they ever were before even in the case of more overtly racist films. Many of the points raised about racism and racial stereotypes in the film are valid and interesting nevertheless, one cannot help but notice that they overshadow many of the advances Disney has made in eliminating other equally offensive stereotypes in their films.For example, whereas other Disney films typically lack the mother figure completely and perhaps only reference the mother when explaining the past, The Princess and the Frog includes a mother who is present for the entire film. It may not be obviou s to most viewers of The Princess and the Frog, but Disney takes a vast and important step in introducing a mother figure to their film their past practice of eliminating the mother figure is arguably sexist and offensive to the female identity.Another important change Disney makes in Princess and the Frog centers on the fact that unlike other Disney princesses who dream about meeting a prince, Tiana has realistic dreams and expectations she wants to be a restaurant owner and works very diligently to achieve her goal. disrespect this significant statement about female power, however, most film critics will probably instead choose to focus on the fact that Tiana, as an African American, is limited to owning a restaurant rather than a Fortune 500 company. Works Cited Alan, Spector J.Cultural kind and the US Media. Albany State Univ. of rising York, 1998. Print. Brunette, Libby. 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Maltin, Leonard.The Disney Films. New York Disney Editions, 2000. Print. Matthews, Bill. Disneys Black Princess Is the Most Ra cist Thing Ever. The Peoples News. ThePeoplesNews, 2 June 2009. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. . Robin, Allan. European Influences on Early Disney Feature Films. A Reader in livelihood Studies 25. 3 (1997) 42-46. Print. Romalov, Nancy. Lady and the Tramps The Cultural Work of Gypsies in Nancy Drew and Her Foremothers. The Lion and the Unicorn 18. 1 (1994). Http//muse. jhu. edu/journals. 1 June 1994. Web. 11 Mar. 2010. Schickel, Richard.The Disney Version the Life, Times, Art, and Commerce of Walt Disney. New York Simon and Schuster, 1968. Print. Shaheen, Jack. Aladdin Animated Racism. Cineaste 20. 1 (1994) 49-52. Print. Twomey, Steve. The Lion King a Roaring Success Despite Lambasting. Washington Post 28 July 1994, 46th ed. , sec. B 4-7. Print. Walker, Janet. Disneys Policy? No Black People, Please. Academic Search Premier. 23 July 1994. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. Weinman, Jamie. 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