Breakdown of Wartime Alliance

exp nonpareilnt Relations 1943-1991 The Breakd possess of the Wartime attachment The Breakd profess of the wartime eitheriance Although affiliate, cracks were already appearing in the Soviet-Ameri gouge each(prenominal)iance by 1945. Stalin was subdivisionicularly suspicious of Britains form _or_ system of authorities to begin with the war of appeasement, which he thought aimed secretly to encourage Hitler to attack Russia. He was also in a bad way(p) with the US/British failure to open up a trice front in Europe before June 1944.On the other contact the British and Ameri dejections were worried to the highest degree Soviet military in eastern Europe and their failure to sponsor the capital of Poland Uprising against the Nazis. The question remained- would the regular host and USSR remain friends following the removal of the tintless factor which unploughed them united- the licking of Ger galore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal)? pic American and Russian troop s meet at Torgau on the Elbe, twenty-fifth April 1945 existence War Two K/W/L storage-battery grid What do I know about WW2? (complete at pay abide of What do I want to know? What amaze I learnt? lesson) (complete at start of lesson) (complete at end of lesson using the following pages). The war in Russia was to miscellany the course of World War Two in Europe. In June 1941, World War Two witnessed what was then the largest land attack in story -Operation Barbarossa. A vast Nazi force apply blitz to devastating effect on the Russian Army.Hitler had long do it capable that he hated the Russians and that war amongst the two countries was inevitable. The Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 had unaccompanied delayed what Hitler was app bently planning even when the Battle of Britain was at its height. He believed that the Russians were sub-human (the untermenschen ) and that they had no right to live where they did. That they were eastmost European was compounded by the fact that Rus sia was communist and take by Joseph Stalin. Hitler hated communism and Stalin. Hitler cherished all the land in Eastern Europe to be given to Germans as they, Hitler believed, could farm it properly while East Europeans could not. Also many Jews lived in Russia (also known as the USSR at this time) and Hitler cherished them exterminated.In dire 1939, Hitler and Russia had signed a compact of non-aggression which was meant to last for 10 years. However, for both countries the treaty was merely to buy time to get their armies into shape before hotshot attacked the other. Hitler wished to stabilise his western frontier before turning east. Stalin desperately requisite to reform his army after the 1930s putches when his senior officers had been effectively wiped out e truly by imprisonment or execution. In June 1941 Operation Barbarossa took place a massive attack by the Germans on Russia. Hitlers senior commanders had advised that the good deal of the German attack should be c at a timentrated on Moscow.Two smaller armies would target Leningrad and Stalingrad and engage the enemy. These two armies would then be helped by the troops in the main bulk once Moscow had surrende rubicund. They felt that once the heart of the nation had been cut out, the rest of the estate would fall. Hitler would not wee this. He did not believe that the Russian army was a match for the Wehrmacht and decided on threesome equal forces attacking Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad. As always, he got his way. The German attack on Russia involved 3 million soldiers, 3580 tanks, 7184 shooter guns, 1830 planes 750,000 horses The Russian army collapsed chthonian this onslaught and the attack was initially unbelievably successful. Moscow was nearly r to distributively championed, Leningrad was surrounded and the oil fields in the sulphur were swiftly approached. exactly it had one main failing and that was created by Hitler himself. As the Russians pulled back (retreated) they unmake anything that capacity be of use to the German army as it advanced bridges, railways, buildings etc. and poisoned water supplies. This insurance was known as scorched earth and it was not expected by the Germans and severely hindered their armies.The lend lines of the German army stretched from Germany through Poland and into Russia itself a huge distance to struggle and entertain. These supply lines were attacked by guerrillas called partisans who did a considerable amount of damage to the German army and bmd major shortages. The winter of 1941-42 was one of the worst in record history. Daily temperatures fell to 40 degrees on a lower floor zero. German soldiers had not been issued with heartily winter clothing as Hitler believed that the invasion would be over by the winter. Soldiers froze to decease in their sleep, diesel froze in fuel tanks and food was in very short supply. Russian soldiers had been issued with winter clothing and did not own as badly as their German enemies.The defeat of an entire German army at Stalingrad was a disaster for the Germans and some historians consider this employment the turning point of World War Two because the German army could now only go in one direction and that was back to Germany. However, while the army was fighting the Russian army, soldiers from the SS Einsatzgruppen murdered hundreds of thousands of civilians. This was all part of Hitlers plan to get rid of sub-humans from Europe. It is thought that as many as 20 million Russians died during the war. The slaughter was so great that Himmler believed that the policy of shooting civilians might disturbed those doing the killing. A direct result of this was the order to find a quicker way of murdering the comm atomic number 53 of Russia and the idea of death factories highly-developed from this which lead to the Holocaust.However, from a military point of view, the defeat of the Germans by the Russians was vital to the consort overall vict ory in Europe. Over two-thirds of the German army was in the Russian war and its defeat meant that the Allies in the west (GB, France and the States) had more chance of success against a smaller force. Winston Churchill state that it was the Russians who tore the heart out of the German army. What was the war like for the bulk in Russia and for the German soldiers? From a German soldier who fought in Russia Do you know how we behaved to the civilians? We behaved like devils out of Hell. We left those poor colonisationrs to starve to death, thousands and thousands of them. How can you win a war in this way?We shoot villagers on the slightest excuse. Just stick them up against a wall. We order the all told village out to watch. Its a vicious circle. We hate them and they hate us, and on and on it goes, everyone getting more inhuman. The civilians were all ready to look on us as saviours. They had had years of oppression from the communists. What did we do? Turn into slaves unde r Hitler. If the Russians should ever pay back one half of what we have done, you wont smile or sing again. We were quartered (living) in a post outside the town. Our dwelling for the night was a wooden house industrious by a Russian family of five children and an old grandmother. We were bitten by fleas all night. We pened our tins and do coffee, sharing what we had with the children and the old woman.The man of the house was a soldier and the mother had been taken away to dig trenches. The children all had protruding bellies of semipermanent malnutrition. The reality is that after 22 years of communistic rule, a brine-cured fish is the height of luxury. How this country depresses me. From a soldier who fought in gray Russia I watched my mother and father die. I knew perfectly well that they were starving. But I wanted their bread more than I wanted them to stop alive. And they knew that. Thats what I remember about the blockade (of Leningrad) that feeling that you wanted your parents to die because you wanted their bread. Daily rationing quotas for the people of Leningrad in November 1941 diddlyshit Child of Eight Bread 252g 128g Fat 19g 17g Meat 49g 14g Cereals 49g 39g Sugar 49g 39g part 1 Communism and CapitalismOne way of invigoration is establish upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by rid institutions, representative political relation, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from governmental oppression. The second way of livelihood is stupidd upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon dismay and oppression, a controlled press and radio fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. A speech by prexy Truman of the US (1947) Read Waugh and Wright page 10 1. Complete the following table to explain the differences between the two semipolitical systems ideologies Communism Capitalism Political System Only one political party the communist party No choice, Unable toSeveral Parties voters may lead and change their change their government. government Economic ideas NO private industries or businesses, NO private profit, ALL industry Most industry and businesses privately owned. and businesses owned by the state for the benefit of everyone. State intervention censoring of media, State run economy , no choice in a government. NO real state intervention, free market Freedoms NO independence Freedom of speech, freedom to watch, read, listen to whatever you want. Freedom to own your own business 2. What was meant by the term Cold War? Read Waugh and Wright pages 8-9 resolve The Cold War was a phrase used to describe the tilt and tension between the Superpowers- the States and USSR after 1945. The Cold War had several(prenominal) defining features Now add some brief detail about the following aspects Different ideologiesCapitalism is a way of life that you are free to do as you wish but communism, you are kept to strictlawsEconomic rivalry In Capitalism you are free to own your own business but in Communism all businesses aremonitored by the statePropaganda two sides used propaganda to create the worst possible image of the other sideArms look sharp Each side wanted more weapons and newer technologies than the otherSpace raceAt eldest it was only to launch the first off satellite, then the first man in space and finally first man onthe moonSpying Both sides spied on each other. This was to find out any military developments3. What was meant by the term Superpower? Read Waugh and Wright page 9 Now have a go at a definition yourselfA super power is a country or an group of countries (Empire) that is very powerful and they havethe best economies and have the or so advanced technologies and weapons like the atomic bomb,missiles, etc.Factor 2 Rivalry before 1945 Read Waugh and Wright pages 10-15 During the 1920s and 1930s US and Soviet contact with each other was limited. How ever both sides viewed each other with suspicion. Though the ground forces did not feel directly threatened by the USSR there had been red scares in America in the early 1920s- Americans feared that immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe might bring with them socialist ideas and attempt to persuade the American working phase to mount a revolution. The origins of McCarthyism predate World War Two fuddle notes on the following points of tension a. The Russian Civil WarThe Bolsheviks led by Lenin seized control of the Government and in the following yearsIntroduced Communism to the countryb. British foreign policy appeasement before World War Two British foreign policy was to avoid war in Europe at allCostsRussian cartoon comments on Munich c. Rivalry during World War Twod. The Tehran concourseExam technique Part A Question DESCRIBE Advice Write about mavin decision or reason or consequence. Write two sentences- one which makes the point and a second which develops it with so me factual detail. Describe one decision made by the allies about the war against Germany at the Tehran conference in 1943 (2)Point One Decision made by the allies about the war against Germany was instructionFactor 3 Yalta, Crimea USSR 4th-11th February 1945 a. Who were the make out figures in the wartime alliance system and what were their aims? Read Waugh and Wright pages 14-15 pic 1. Complete the table below explaining each leaders aims and attitudes at Yalta pic pic pic Winston Churchill Franklin Delano Roosevelt Joseph Stalin b. The Yalta Meeting Agreements and Disagreements The aims of the three war leaders were different, both aiming to combine the security of their own country with the type of European stability. Stalin wanted to create a buffer of pro-Soviet states to protect the Soviet marriage ceremony against any potential attack from the westward, something which Roosevelt and Churchill were firmly against. Poland, being the largest country in Eastern Europe, was l ikely to set the pattern for the rest of the region, and it was on this matter that the allies met in February 1945, at Yalta.Two different political groups had emerged London Poles Lublin Poles This was the pop government of 1939 which had spent the war years in This was a government in waiting. Stalin had established this group of transportation in London. They continued to meet despite the fact that Poland was Polish communists in the city of Lublin after its liberation from the Nazis. occupied by the Nazis. Stalin hoped to place the Lublin Poles into government in Warsaw. They were anti-communist, and wanted Poland to remain independent and free from Soviet control. The sanguine Army was the first to reach Poland, and as it approached in wonderful 1944, Polish resistance fighters had begun an uprising against the German occupying troops in Warsaw, the capital. They counted on the life of the nearby Red Army, but also believed that by taking the chess opening they could ens ure the leadership of the London Poles. The Red Army did nothing to help and the rebellion was mercilessly crushed by the Germans. 300 000 Poles were killed. situationually Warsaw fell to the Russians and by January 1945 Poland had been change state and the Lublin Poles were placed in control by the USSR. 2. Complete the table below antecedent Despite the apparent unity of the allies (see beginnings A and B), so-and-so the scenes the western were increasingly suspicious of Stalin (see spring C). Relations deteriorated as Stalin seemed to ignore certain elements of the Yalta Agreement. The high expectations in the West that Stalin would allow democratic governments in Eastern Europe was soon destroyed when 16 leaders of the Polish Resistance were invited from London to hold dialogue with the Soviet authorities near Warsaw.They were arrested and never seen again. line of descent A Source B 3. Who gained most from Yalta?Factor 4 Potsdam, Berlin, 17th July- 2nd August 1945. a. E vents before the conference Read Waugh and Wright p16-17 and make notes on the following 1. What had changed between Yalta and Potsdam? pic FOCUS ONPoland jumps to the left Poland in 1939 marked in bold and dotted Poland in 1945 marked in bold and dotted b. The Potsdam Conference pic pic pic At Potsdam, Truman, less inclined to assertion Stalin than Roosevelt had been, also had a secret weapon Operation Manhattan had been completed and the USA possessed a working atomic bomb. This placed Truman firmly in control of the negotiations Truman was a changed man. He told the Russians where they got on and off and generally bossed the whole meeting (Churchill, writing about the conference later) Atlee Truman StalinUsing three act upon highlight or underline the following (1) Areas of agreement between the allies (2) ideas rejected by the West (3) ideas rejected by Stalin Exam proficiency Part B Question KEY FEATURES You will need to draw a recognize feature and develop it with more de tail/ abstract 1 developed key feature = 4 marks 2 developed key features = 5 marks 3 developed key features = 6 marks A key feature is one of three things A CAUSEAN EVENTA CONSEQUENCE so do three paragraphs with one of each or two of one and one of another Remember to number and signpost with the nameing of the question.Use the word BECAUSE. Briefly explain the key features of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, 1945 (6) Paragraph 1 One cause of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences wasThis meant thatParagraph 2 A key event of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences wasThis meant thatParagraph 3 A key consequence of the Yalta and Potsdam Conference was This meant thatFactor 5 The Development of the Iron mantel, 1945-8 Read Waugh and Wright page 21-23. As the Red Army liberated much of Eastern Europe, Stalin made sure that in the post-war reorganisation most of these countries would be under direct Soviet influence, or at the very least friendly commie countries. Step by step he took over A lbania, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany in a process described by the Hungarian Communist Rakosi as slicing salami, or salami tactics (slowly removing or slicing away all opposition to Communism). Why did Stalin do this?Source A The devastated landscape of Stalingrad- Russia suffered greatly as a result of the war. 27 million Russians died. Source B Stalin speaking in February 1945 Victory means, first of all, that our Soviet social system has won. The Soviet social system has successfully stood the test in the fire of war and it has proved its complete vitality. The Soviet social system has proved to be more capable and more stable than the non-Soviet social system. The Soviet social system is a weaken form of society than nay non-Soviet social system. Source C Stalin at Yalta Mr. Churchill has said that for Great Britain the Polish question is one of honour. But for the Russians it is a question of honour and security.Throughout history Poland has been the corridor of attack on Russia. Source D Stalin comments on Churchills Iron mantelpiece speech in 1946 It should not be forgotten that the Germans invaded the USSR through Finland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary. The Germans were able to invade because governments hostile to the USSR existed in these countries. As a result the USSR suffered a loss of life several times greater than Britain and the USA combined. The Soviet Union can not forget the huge sacrifices of the Soviet people. Is it surprising that the Soviet Union is trying to see that governments loyal to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries.1. Complete the table below. U pic pic pic pic Factor 6 Winston Churchills Iron Curtain Speech Nine months after Sir Winston Churchill failed to be re-elected as Britains PM, Churchill with President Truman travelled on March 5, 1946, to Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri (population of 7,000). Churchill gave his now famous Iron Curtain speech. Before thi s speech, the U. S. nd Britain had been concerned with their own post-war economies and had remained extremely grateful for the Soviet Unions role in ending World War II. It was Churchills speech, which he coroneted The Sinews of Peace, that changed the way the democratic West viewed the Communist East. Though many people believe that Churchill coined the phrase the iron curtain during this speech, the term had actually been used for decades (including in several earlier letters from Churchill to Truman). Churchills use of the phrase gave it wider circulation and made the phrase popularly recognized as the division of Europe into East and West.1. Why do you think did Churchills words contribute to notwithstanding East-West tension?2. Annotate the cartoon below to explain its meaning. Exam proficiency Part B Question KEY FEATURES You will need to localise a key feature and develop it with more detail/ compend 1 developed key feature = 4 marks developed key features = 5 marks 3 de veloped key features = 6 marks Briefly explain the key features of the Iron Curtain. CauseEventConsequenceRevision and Overview Effect on relations between the Allies Event 1939 Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Britain and the USSR are enemies, USA is immaterial but leaning towards Britain. 1941 Nazi invasion of USSR The USSR changes from an enemy to an ally against the general threat of Nazi Germany. Little direct co-operation. 1944 Lublin Poles set up West suspects USSR of a desire to create buffer zone of puppet Communist states 1944 Warsaw Uprising 1945 Liberation of Poland 1945 Yalta Conference 1945 Failed discussions with Molotov concerning Polish government 1945 Arrest of Polish Resistance leaders 1945 Death of Roosevelt Truman 1945 US fulfilment of Manhattan Project 1945 Potsdam Conference 1946 Iron Curtain Speech, made by Churchill at Fulton, Missouri Focus on Learning through MnemonicsCAUSES OF THE COLD warfare memory word BARE pBeliefs icpic Russia was (3 things) pic a Communist country, pic ruled by a dictator pic who cared little about human rights. pic America was (3 things) pic a capitalist pic democracy, pic which valued freedom. pAims icpic Stalin wanted (2 things) pic reparations from Germany pic a buffer of friendly states. pic Britain and the USA led by President Truman wanted (2 things) pic to help Germany recover pic to prevent large areas of Europe from approaching under Communist control. pResentment about history icpic The USSR did not trust Britain and the USA (2 reasons) pic They had tried to destroy the Russian Revolution in 1918. pic Stalin thought they had not helped the USSR enough in WW2. picBritain and the USA did not trust the USSR (1 reason) pic Stalin had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939. pEvents ic .. and in case you are wondering EVENTS (9 events) pYALTA Conference (4 things) icpic February 1945 pic Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt agreed to (5 points) pic basin Germany into 4 zones occupied by France, Brita in, USA, USSR. pic Hold free elections in Eastern European countries. pic Give the USSR territory in Manchuria in return for their help against Japan. pic Set up the United Nations. pic Set up a government of Communists and non Communists in Poland. pic On the surface, everything seemed friendly pic Tension behind the scenes pPOTSDAM Conference (4 things) icpic July 1945 pic At Potsdam the tensions surfaced. picStalin, Truman and Atlee agreed to (2 things) pic Bring Nazi war criminals to trial. pic Divide Germany into 4 occupied zones. pic There were also disagreements over (3 things) pic Soviet policy in Poland. pic The size of German reparations. pic Stalins demands for a naval base in the Mediterranean. pSALAMI TACTICS (2 things) icpic 194548 pic Slice-by-slice, Stalin ensured 7 Eastern European countries had Communist governments. pic Albania pic (1945) the Communists took power after the war without opposition pic Bulgaria pic (1945) the Communists executed the leaders of a ll the other parties. pic Poland pic (1947) the Communists forced the non-Communist leaders into exile. pic Hungary (4 things) pic (1947) Russian troops stayed there. Stalin allowed elections (non-communists won a big majority). The Communists were led by the pro-Russian Rakosi. pic Rakosi demanded that groups which opposed him should be banned. pic He got control of the police, and arrested his opponents.