Long Fuse Notes

Truth and the Historian Main argument This is deuce(prenominal) an introduction to the ass invariablyate and an essay ab issue the causes of World fight I, as seen by some early(a) historical writers and Lafore himself. He rural areas that World fight I has become a fashion and a fad, and, while in that location is nada wrong with the topic existence astray discussed, historians should be careful in using research and analyzing historical topics. The introduction outlines the sources of the conflict that later was cognise as the expectant War. All of the events hostilities amid the huge powers, competition for the sea, and expansionism were what has light-emitting diode to that conflict.But Lafore also argues that no cause can be bingled out as the roughly important, because they simply contri excepted to the relations betwixt atomic number 63an countries in the set-back place 1914. Main pile Luigi Albertini an Italian journalist and politician, who studied t he causes of World WarI Fritz Fischer a German historian who published a history of German policy in the first place and during the fight Helmuth von Moltke the German chief of staff who was afrain of a europiuman contend, just now nevertheless prepared to urge measures that he knew would bring a prevalent war. Outline A.World War I is among the intimately(prenominal) widely discussed topics in history 1. Myopia in history historians see the bypast from the present (relativism) a. Not always the correct way of examining it b. This indicates few good sense of bias 2. What happened after 1945 fountains a new perspective on the events before 1914 and the war itself a. The relations of European powers led to the war b. No single coarse was to be blamed the most for the causes 3. Terms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as revisionism proved to control comminuted significance to the evaluation of the causes of war a.They lead non been guilty of planning a knowledge base w ar b. Historians piece all the countries to be guilty in some way B. Historians equal Albertini and Fischer had opposing views on the war and its participants 1. Albertini did extensive research on Germ any(prenominal)s role before and in the war a. He found the Germans developed guilty of urging Austrians to attack Serbia b. He was a supporter of revisionism, just his interpretation proved to be objective 2. Fischer published a book closely Ger many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)s role after the war a. He concur that Germany was partially responsible . He and Albertini two accused Germany of pressuring Austria to go to war with Serbia, although there was a danger of a foundation war 3. At present time, the war guilt could be viewed much more than(prenominal) objectively, not necessarily with blaming Germany a. Some Germans, deal Moltke, feared and did not support a general war Chapter 1 The Lost Utopia Main command Omnipresent European soereignty was a f rightfulness in the plan for ubiquitous tranquillity as the rural was left hand to hit its aver decisions, there was no guarantee that there would be overuses of that power.European stubborn adherence to the view of indep differenceence caused striking disputes as the global law could not by design en posture its regularizes of what an indep wipeoutent present could and could not do the nations were sovereign, and thus they should be allowed to do what they believed was right. There were many different ethnic roots throughout Europe, specifically the easterly areas. With the worldly c erstrn of new new responsibilitys merged by ethnicity, such as Germany, other ethnicities began to desire an in leechlike state for themselves, putting Europe in a state of disagreement.Main People Giuseppe Mazzini An Italian liberator who, same many other patient ofs and Napoleon III, profoundly believed in the veracity of the legal opinion of freehandeddom John Stuart Mill an English full(a) who mat that the new advance in society gave to a fault much power to the stop number class von Bismarck The emperor of Germany. He believed that Europe was unified liberal after the cultivateation of Germany and Italy Gladst unrivaled(a) prime minister of great Britain. He felt that many roots, such as the Irish, the Poles, and the Italians, should have their own state OutlineTreaty of Vienna I. A. Nations realized that the inter core law should generate to all European countries as the omnipresent placidity was a furbish up of all European nations 1. 1815 Treaty helped disposal activitys realize that additional laws to the international law should be added concerned about actions that could possibly curseen the peace and warrantor of Europe Relationships of events to causes of WWI II. A. Most of the European countries were considered states as they were unified in oral communication, culture, sense of nationalism etc. B.Sovereignty could lead to abuses and war s among nations as the independence left a nation uncontrollable and possible to act in any way precious. C. The international law created to ensure that there were no abuses of sovereignty false out to have several drawbacks D. The establishment of smashing Powers as guardians of the European peace increased hostility and jealousy among nations as some of the non- huge Power nations felt hurt by their exclusion of this prestigious title. 1. However, he also mentions that this was not true for all of the countries and that these differences in single states were to be a great cause of arising disputes. . Armies, for example, could be streng and thened not provided as a sign of attempt to be better protected, however also as a sign of complicateting ready for a war. 3. Even though the nations recognized and authentic its rules, some of them passive did not find it important to act with these laws and broke them intemperately. 4. Placing the power of nourishing peace in han ds of just few countries opened a way for abuses and make headway violations of the international law as no one could rebel, accordingly to the international law, against the rules of Great Powers. characterisation of varying national perspectives, shifting federations etc.III. A. During the mid-17th hundred, most of the European countries focused on maintaining the peace. B. As noted, the Great Powers were allied with for distributively one other by the international law that mother them to cooperate to maintain the European peace. France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Italy had to work to wash upher, and as proven, quite successfully for a while. 1. Even though there were a few violations of the international laws, Germany was not one of them, which assigns how through 18-19th centuries her focus was not just on bolt haveing France and Russia. . the onclimax World War I amid these nations shows what a great interpolate in attitude they had to go through in allege to thump from friendly European-peace-protection into an immense war for dirt. IV. Concert of Europe falling asunder by 1820 A. from 1858 to 1871, completely 4 wars in Europe 1. Piedmont and france attacks Austria 2. Prussia attacks Denmark, Austria, and France a. all wars were not sanctioned b. concert losing power B. Balance of power also prevented scrap 1. countries would not fight because other countries would stand by involved 2.If one country was too bullnecked, it would be a holy terror to other countries V. The anomalies of the European constitution A. growth strength of conservatism 1. Many liberals converted, others covered to socialism 2. Growing conflict with the upper class 3. John Stuart Mill advancements created by sophisticatedisation create problems for many slew B. other(prenominal) problems recognized with the national agreement 1. Northwestern Europe set trends for other countries to follow 2. Ireland a. part of Britain b. threat to s tability of Britain i. worked with french force during war with England in1793 1815 ii. rowing nationalism and threat of revolution 3. France and Alsace a. Alsace had german ancestry, but the inhabitants had assimilated with France i. Germany held grudge of losing land ii. reclaimed during matrimony in 1871 4. Loraine a. also formerly German, but all German shape was gone b. Germany requisiteed it for strategic regions i. City of Metz had a strong build up and would prevent French attack on Germany 5. loss of provinces hoped to be accepted by France but would not be a. france was the most powerful country in continental Europe b. would be threatened by a growing germanyC. German state generally accepted 1. Considered similar to full French or Spanish state 2. Most political sympathiesal lines followed nationality D. much problems in southeast regarding nationality and politics 1. Britain and france had different ethnic groups but all generally shared similar allegience a. Ethnicity was generally not an important thing 2. Bismark felt that enough of Europe had been unified 3. Gladstone felt that almost e very(prenominal) ethnic group should gain independence excluding eastern Europe due to an incredibly large amount of ethnicities 4.Creation of modern states creates idea of all ethnicities having their own state a. Inspires eastern nationalism E. Rumanians 1. romish lineage 2. Contained literature, language, and culture but no policy-making action a. controlled by Greece 3. Claimed land in bomb in 1871 a. other provinces with Rumanians in Russia and Hungary F. Other ethnic groups in the east 1. Some, identical Greeks and Serbs already had state 2. Some, akin Slovenes had few requests for state 3. Other groups were so obscure that an independent state would be irrelevant G. Poland 1. Formerly a powerful state . Roman Catholic religion VI. Swallowed peoples A. The Rumanians and the Poles equal many other people had been engulfed into other larg er nations 1. Some like the Greeks and the Serbs had emancipated themselves into their own nations 2. Some like the Slovenes had never had their own nation and were barely stirred by a sense of nationalism 3. Still others like the Ghegs and Tosks were so miniscule as to barely constitute a people much less a nation 4. Poland Swallowed B. Ceased to be a country after the third class 1. Was the largest of the imprisoned nations 2.Was a homogenous nation with one language, religion and a sense of national pride 3. The Polish national pride was seen as a threat as they had erupted in dis fix up in Russia terzetto times by 1863 4. In Germany Poles appeaseed a silent yet vicious minority C. In Austria the Poles received little change in their surgical operation lives and were allowed to keep the their cultural traditions and were therefore less resentful 1. Poland Unifies Nations 2. Though the Poles created problems severally for each(prenominal) of the empires that held them col lectively the division of Poland acted as a unifying force among the common chord empires 3.The common fear of Polish rebellion during and after the revolt of 1863 caused Bismarck and Germany to offer German Support 4. Because Germany supported Russia in the disorder of 1863 Russia supported Germany in their attack on France in 1870 5. Poland though non-existent was one of the most important factors in national relations 6. Conservatives viewed freeing Poland as something that would cause war and also realized that the status quo in which there was no Poland was also a cause for war, where as the liberals sought object of all peoples as an end above peace 7.In 1870 the conservatives had the more practical point of view 8. Because of the diversity of the eastern European peoples and the conflicting cares of the major powers sorting them into nations would be a near impossible toil 9. All the eastern European peoples were nicely divided into the powers Russia, Germany, Austria, and Turkey D. Weaknesses in the Conservative position 1. The empires in which many peoples were contained could not achieve inner(a) accord 2. The empires containing many peoples could not act in harmony with each other as their interests usually in conflict 3.Russia and Austria e special(a)ly held distain for each other after the Russian Army aided the Austrian government in suppressing the 1848 revolt and the Austrian army did not return the estimate in the Crimean war E. Turkey The Sick Man of Europe 1. The cover structure of the Ottoman Empire did not allow for the government to ramp up with the times and it fell in to a weak and antiquated state 2. The increased sense of national pride spread like half-baked fire among the diverse peoples of the Ottoman Empire meaning the people became ever more difficult to control G. Nationalism a means to an end 1.Formerly Nationalism had been a liberal ideal 2. all peoples should have self determination and national pride was a means to that end 3. However when the power of nationalism was realized the conservatives of Europe adopted nationalism for their own end 4. with national pride strengthening an empire the people of the empire are more bequeathing to fight to empower the empire H. Pan-Slavism 1. Nationalism on the basis of racial brotherhood the Slavs were of the same racial descent and were divided in to many little subdivisions too small to justify nations therefore it seemed logical to combine them all in to one pan-Slavonic state 2.Initially Pan-Slavism was a liberal movement for the determination of many people into one nation however with Russian Pan-Slavism it would be born-again into a conservative goal I. Russian Pan-Slavism 1. Invented by Nicholas Danilevsky 2. Pan-Slavism with the entirety of the Slavic states under the rule of the Russian Empire 3. Turned a Liberal ideal into a Conservative end in that it empowered an already great empire rather than called for self determination of Slav pe oples Chapter 2 The Austria Anomaly Main ArgumentLafore goes on to discuss the things that make up the Austrian Anomaly basically, why Austria was so different than the other Great Powers of Europe. Lafore states that the other powers were constructed on a basis of nationality, whereas Austria was not, and major threats came in 1914 by the forces exercised by the minorities in nation states, and Austria consisted entirely of minorities. He then goes on to discuss the dual- monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and how that change in the division of power further changed the world view of Austria.The nationalities stated are accompanied by their qualities and affiliations and the amount in each section of A-H. The maps are significant because they attribute to the argument that nationalities in A-H wanted to be reunited with their home countries right over the border. Main People Austria Hungary The nation was militarily strong and influential amongst the other European powers. However, cont radictory those countries, Austria Hungary was not united by a single cultural identity, but divided by cultural barriers.Magyars These were a distinct and powerful group of people who managed to write a seemingly immortal system of political tradition Germans They were the most populous and according to history the most natural to the land in both Austria and Hungary. They were typically landowners, townsmen, and civil servants. Czechs They were the second most common minority, numbering a little less than 5 gazillion. They had been endue with Bohemian reign before, and under Habsburg rule, desired more recognition and compliments of their ethnicity.Ruthenes Around 3 million, they lived in the eastern parts of the country and shared many similarities with Ukrainians in terms of culture and ancestry. Poles There were about 2 and a half million Poles living in Austria, but they were go away in Hungary. Their extensive history and prominence provided them the foundation for nati onal pride, like with other east European ethnicities. Rumanians There were about 3 million Rumanians who resided in Hungary. They were less active in controlling their own affairs, lots under the rule of dominating Magyars.Serbo-Croats Half a million of them lived in Austria, where as more than 2 million lived in Hungary. While ensnare by common ancestry, the culture of the two factions was very different. The Serbs experienced instruct independent success, but later on faced foreign rule by the Turkish and of course the Habsburg. They were generally oppress and neglectful of modern ideals and lifestyles. Croats on the other hand had a more sophisticated written report and level of independence. Though as Magyars began to abuse power, loyalty waned.Habsburg Monarchy It was the oldest dynasty in Europe, having a capacious history that was bound to the Romans and one that was against the Turks. It dealt with many domestic disputes that severely weakened its influence later on. What did preserve an otherwise antiquated and sometimes abusive source of power was its regal legacy and the emollient properties of the state. For the most part, it was prosperous and progressive. Austrian constitution It disregarded the diversity of the nation and chiefly functioned on political prompts that were intend for united countries.Karl Lueger He was a attractive mayor of Vienna who integrated socialism, anti-Semitism, Catholicism, and controversial politics. Socialists and Catholics These were popular political parties in the imperial parliament who objected to secession and partitioning. Both wanted extreme recovers in social order and economic agenda, and often criticized the aristocracy. Archduke Francis Ferdinand He was very tyrannous of the Hungarians and sympathetic towards southern Slavs. This sentiment would initiate an impending eruption of Slavic discontent. OutlineI. Main Facts and Events A. 1860 The Hapsburg Monarchy was defeated by the combined armies of the French and the Piedmontese and had been obliged to abandon its richest province Lombardy, in the Po Valley. B. 1866 Austria was attacked by the rival Prussian Army and decisively defeated. C. 1867 Austria ceased to be either a German or Italian power. D. After 1866 internal changes were necessary, and so, the dual-monarchy was created, by establishing a state within Austria, known as Hungary, and ruled by the Magyar people, done formally in 1867.II. Relationship(s) A. Lafore makes the connection amongst the multi-nationality of Austria-Hungary, and the way in which this fueled the war. He says that because Austria was so diverse, and consisted wholly of minorities, the other nations didnt view Austria as a nation, or take them seriously, and this lack of recognition influenced Austrias dislike of the other powers and drove them into the arms of a German fusion whereupon Germany runed them into war.B. Lafore also brings up the fact that because of the dual-monarchy, decisi on making was extremely slow, and therefore affected how soon, or in actuality, how long it took for Austria- Hungary to decide to declare war. III. National Perspectives A. The other Great Powers in Europe, because of Austrias multi-nationality, didnt view Austria as a nation, because it consisted of the anomalies that make the other powers uncomfortable. B.In Austria, there wasnt one single national view, or actual national pride, because of the wide diversity each group within itself, however, was very nationalist, basing political affiliation upon nationality. C. Although the Magyars rose up and were grant their own state, not every other nationality was like that many were content to be included in Austria, and didnt feel the need to push for their own state. IV. Main Facts and Events with Dates 1870 the change of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Dual Monarchy of A-H. V. Relationship of events to causes of WWI as place by Lafore A.Lafore contributed the declaration of war on Ser bia by Austria-Hungary as the main cause of the outbreak of WWI. B. The declaration of war followed the declining of the ultimatum as a receipt to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. C. Franz Ferdinand was assassinated because his views on the unification of all Serbs into A-H and creating a Tri-Monarchy. D. This was such a problem because the Serbs in A-H were very discontent with their position because they were bullied and oppressed by the Magyars, and wished to be reunited with Serbia.Which can all be traced from this section with the stating of nationalities and their relationships with the others. VI. Characterization of varying national perspectives, alliance shifts, etc. A. This section gives light to the nationalities and their problems in A-H 1. The legal age of nationalities were subject to oppression by those of higher intelligence like the Magyars and the Germans. 2. The majority of nationalities were Catholic, and Rome was in A-H so they felt obliged to be loyal to A-H for that fact. 3.The Magyars took control of the Dual Monarchy to make all their wishes true at the expense of all the other nationalities. VI. Strength of Austria Hungary A. Problems 1. Problems always existed in southeasterly Europe 2. Greeks and Serbs win independence 3. Clashing political ideaologies liberals, Catholics B. Religious differences between Austria and Turkey 1. Balkans were more willing to be ruled by Christians Turkey was Muslims 2. Identifies Austria as the defender of Christianity C. Prosperity 1. Development of light industry and cover a. creates wealth b. auses divisions between industrious west and agrarian east 2. several(prenominal) problems with industry a. Hungary was agrarian bread basket b. Austria was industrious i. strengthens the divide between Magyars and Germans c. New parties were created i. already bad implementation of democracy ii. 22 political parties iii. allows nationalism and religion to dominate the country Chapter 3 Main Argument 1. The unification of Germany in 1871 greatly bowdle testifyed the balance of power in Europe. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down soon after Bismarcks dismissal in 1890, however it allowed for Germanys strong alliance with Austria.Two crises demonstrated the fragility of the Three Emperors League, first one in 1875 when Bismarck became disheartenmented by the revival of the French from the defeat five years earlier and seemed to be planning another war, and the second in 1876 during the revolution against the Turkish rule. Russians declared war on Turkey, but they were accused of illegal action and summoned before a judicatory by the Powers. The Russians helped with the creation of Great Bulgaria, hoping that the Bulgars will later on be thankful to them and allow them access to Constantinopole and the Straits.The Russians establishment at the gate of Constantinople, and on the shores of the Aegean was a threat to Austria. Bismarck believed that the Balkans could cause trouble to anyo ne who controlled them, and Germanys interest should be in maintaining good relations with both Russia and Austria to make sure they stay in the majority of three great powers. Milan Obrenovich proposed to shit Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy, if the transaction wouldve occurred, the Monarchy would have included the majority of the Southern Slavs and would be in position of dominance.Because both Austria and Germany required peace and the maintenance of existing boundaries, and both had the achieve them through treaties to bind their friends and neutralize their enemies they were able to form a successful alliance based on their similar goals. Germany feared the attack by France, Austria feared all their neighbors and their alliance formed a diplomatical bloc, and a very impressive armament unity. Addition of Italy to the Austro German Alliance was very significance, and Italys reasons for roasting were based on domestic political concerns. 2.The creation of the Bulgarian state roll the balance Europe had achieved in the 1880s. The German prince atop the Bulgarian throne lost popularity by attempting to control Bulgaria, annex Eastern Rumelia, and destroy Serbia. He was forced to abdicate and replaced by another German prince. Russia, angered, disrupted the Three Emperors League. France and Russia swore a secret alliance, at the time where Russia attempted to industrialize. Main People J Otto von Bismarck The premier of Germany, he oversaw the unification in 1871 and dominated its affairs until his dismissal in 1890J Milan Obrenovich The Prince of Serbia, had a suspicion that the Serbs wanted to assassinate him, he best-loved to live in Vienna and offered to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy Outline 1. Bismarck dismissed, 1890 a. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down system of alliances faltered b. Bismarcks Europe had Germany surrounded by allies c. Bismarck says, Dont compact involved in the Balkans 2. Turkey was the Sick Man of Europe 3. Reinsurance Tre aty, 1887 (Russia, Germany would remain neutral in wars involving one or the other), contradicted the Austrian Alliance 4.Franco-Russian Alliance, 1894 B. Causes of WWI 1. conclave of Wilhelms inexperience, Russias greed caused them to clash over the Balkans 2. Bulgarian creation and monarchial maintenance Russia angry at Germans, Bulgarians 3. Austro-Hungarian composition its existence as not one nation state C. Characterization 1. After Bismarcks dismissal, the balance of power set up by Bismarcks careful alliances, fell apart 2. Britain did not see the need for Germany to get involved in the Balkans 3. Bismarck specifically said that Germany should not get involved in the Balkans 4.Wilhelms inexperience caused Russia and France to become closer as allies Chapter 4 Main Argument 1. It was Germanys principal interest to assure the isolation of France and in 1894 this objective was defeated by the Franco-Russian Alliance. Germany was a federal empire restricted in its powers. The K ing of Prussia was also German Emperor. Reichstag was authorized to approve or reject new taxes. The monarchy and a great many private citizens were making a proud connection between the imposing forces reputation of Prussia and the wel out-of-the-way(prenominal)e.The chancellor, faced with the opposition of powerful opponents in the Reichstag, was given to invoking patriotism and the glory of the army in order to induce voters to vote for the right parties. The Daily Telegraph episode was a prevalent scandal that shook German confidence in the throne. Germany, the great military power in Europe in 1871, was by 1914 the ahead(p) industrial power. The Navy League was influential, and the Pan-Germanists and the racists were not in any way oddly German phenomena.France and Russia were regarded as Britains neutral enemies, Britain and Germany were traditionally friendly, and Prussia and Britain had fought together in the two greatest wars of British history- the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic War. Germany had supplied Britains dynasty and most of its rulers consorts, and the German Empress was a British princess. Germanys strength enemies, the French and the Russians occupied Egypt in 1882. Germany but not Great Britain have a large army and if the British wanted an alliance, they were welcome to join the Triple Alliance.The British had no interest in Germanys Continental rivalries, the secret commitment of the Triple Alliance. 2. One of the main points that Lafore is making in this passage concerns the fact that the blockade of Germany was caused due to the change magnitude closeness of British and French relations and to an extent the Russians, as tumesce as Italy wander from the Triple Alliance. In order to break these relations, Germany created a crisis, the Moroccan Crisis, in order to try to force Britain to publicly abandon the French.This only caused a strengthening in Anglo-French affairs since in the Algeciras conference that followed the c risis, the two countries tie together with Italy against Germany for oppressing Moroccan independence. The naval disputes between Germany and Britain also helped alienate the two since they posed alarm and threats to one another. The Triple Entente also came about when an Anglo-Russian Agreement was signed which also strengthened the encirclement around Germany, but was viewed lightly since they Germans did not believe it could last very long.The geographical encirclement of Germany with these new diplomatic relations, did not cause the war but it did correspond a breakdown of German relations with the British and Italians which left Germany with only one weaker potential ally. Main People 1. Friedrich von Bernhardi Wrote Germany and the Next War 2. William II An arrogant and foolish autocrat 3. Heinrich von Treitschke Historian with armed conquest and the military virtues. 4. HolsteinaGerman Foreign Office director was a Memphis-tophelean figure, who retired in 1909, left a mark on German policy. 5.Protector of Islam Saved the British from defeat in South Africa. 6. Theophile Delcasse French foreign minister that was forced to resign. 7. prime minister von Bulow German Chancellor who arranged the Moroccan crisis. 8. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz Secretary of the German Navy- alarmed the British with his plan for German advance in naval forces. 9. Edward seven-spot New successor to the English throne who disliked Germany and his German relatives and was tippy of the Paris of the gilded age. He exerted strong influence to secure the duty assignment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts and in theForeign Office.He represented the Francophilia arising in England. Main Events 1. Germanys main goal was to isolate France In 1894, this goal was shut down b/c of the Franco-Russian alliance 2. Devised by Bismarck in 1866 intended to permit the Chancellor to neutralize his domestic enemies, facilitate Germany unification by bribing its opponents w/political favors 3. In 1871, Germany was the greatest military power. By 1914, Germany was the leading industrial power 4. 1894 Germany was faced with the diplomatic combination of France and Russia. Franco Russian alliance would not be fatal in a war if GB remained neutral.Russia were regarded as Britains natural enemies, Britain and traditionally friendly and Prussia and Britain had fought together greatest wars of British history 5. 1901-Queen Victoria dies. France and Germany were in the two 6. Edward septet takes over from Queen Victoria in 1901. When he took over, he exerted a strong influence so as to secure the appointment of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts abroad and in the Foreign mapping. 7. Francophilia perished spreading throughout the British cabinet, starting with Edward VII as a result of his changes to the cabinet. 8.Franco-British relationships began improving after Edward took over, and a diplomatic agreement was reached in 1904 in which France recognized and accepted British profession of Egypt and the British recognized the French interest in Morocco. 9. In 1900, the French allowed the Italians to take Libya, and the Italians allowed France to take Morocco. 10. When the triple entente was renewed in 1902, both Italy and France agreed to remain neutral if either side was attacked by another power. 11. Germany saw the potential for an alliance between Britain and France, and wanted to prevent this in order to preserve the Triple alliance. 2. Von Bulow forced the German emperor to ensure with the Sultan while he was on a cruise in the Mediterranean, so as to test the alliance between Britain and France. The visit itself showed German indication to protect Morocco against Frenchdesigns. 13. A conference was called in Berlin to consider French violations in regulating its position of power in Morocco which met in Algeciras in January 1906. When the conference ended three months later, the result was France bein g recognized ashaving special rights, and therefore allowed to organize The Moroccan police and finances. 4. 1897 The first German navy bill was passed, which provided for the construction of 19 powerful German battleships to be reinforced over a period of 5 years. This, along with Alfred von Tirpitzs chance theory would create a threat against the British which showed the German rebelliousness of Britain. 15. The British building of the Dreadnought was further cause for the naval contention forming between the two nations. 16. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war subtracted it from the ranks of the Great powers in 1905. 17.The Anglo-Russian agreement was signed in August, 1907. B. Causes of WWI 1. If the Germans had chosen Russia as an alliance, instead of Austria, then French and Austria would have formed an alliance and the encirclement would have been more real 2. Strengthened Franco-British relations in the early 20th century would spurn alliances and turn Germany into a common threat for both nations. 3. The Anglo-German naval rivalries that began to arise in the early 20th century would serve to mention British alarm against Germany and deteriorate Anglo-German relations. 4.The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war would give way for the Anglo-Russian agreement, which would seal the fate of encirclement for Germany in the upcoming war. With three of the great powers allied, little actions which would spurn Germany to go to war, would essentially cause the other three nations to go to war as well. C. Characterization 1. Politicians in Russia, France, and Great Britain stressed the intentions and legitimate interests of their own countries, friends, and allies. 2. No clear line btwn the spheres of the administrator authority and the parliament 3.Germanys potential enemies, the French and the Russians a most impotent = the French 4. Edward VII was a powerful Francophile as well as anti-German who make it his duty to spread his ideals i n the British office when he took over to appoint diplomatswhich shared his views as well. This would come to alter to decisions and nationalistic views in the decade before the outbreak of war. With the new changes in perspective of Britain, a French alliance did not seem too far off, as it did say a decade before. 5. Both Britain and France began visual perception Germany more and more as a threat, and this strengthened the alliance between the two. 6.Germany wanted to prevent a Franco-British alliance at any cause, and time-tested to do so by provoking the Moroccan crisis. The Purpose of the crisis was to get the British to publicly abandon the French, as well as to show an awesome display of German power and prestige in world affairs. 7. With the German failure in the First Moroccan crisis, Germany became more encircle than before, with France and Britain now standing together against German interests as well as the breakdown of Anglo-German relations. 8. The naval rivalry tha t was forming between Britain and Germany would give rise to alarm within both nations, which was seen through the reation of alarmist pamphlets and schools in both nations which somewhat demonized the other. This would only serve for Anglo-German relations to deteriorate further. 9. With the defeat of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war, Germany became more dark to Britain as it now no longer had to fear an eastern enemy, and this gave rise for a revolution in Anglo-Russian relations. 10. Because Germany could no longer count on the neutrality of the Great powers in the event of war, Germany sought to reach an catch with Turkey. Chapter 5 Main ArgumentFrom pages 141-151, Lafore examines Serbians role leading up to war and how it wedge other nations. Lafore argues that Serbian involvement, beginning with the assassination of their King is what ultimately kick started the string of events followed by Austrian involvement and then German actions leading to the outbreak of World War I. Some Serbian events that Lafore argues impacted the war are the assassination of their king, Austro Russian affairs in Serbian government, European involvement in Macedonia, The consume War, Montenegro, and the Yugoslav Club.All of these events made up the beginnings of the downward spiral in the order of Europe eventually leading to war. From P. 152-161 The Bosnian crisis brought Europe closer to the brink of war. Russia and Austria became enemies because each had competing claims for territory and influence in the Balkans. Austria wanted to stop its slow decline and preserve its status as a great power by victorious more belligerent action in the Balkans. On the other hand, the Russians wanted to show they were still powerful, after their defeat by Japan, by act to gain more influence in the Balkans.Russia and Austria almost went to war and the resulting peace confrence exacerbated the tensions and divides between the Central powers and the Triple Entente. From P. 165- 179 The Turkish Revolution of 1908 is an attempt to once again revive the Ottoman empire, overthrowing the tyrannical Sultan Abdul Hamid in order to eliminate corruption in govt but has failed. The Great Powers still continue to weigh in affairs and corruption remains. The Balkan states seize chance to liberate the minorities under Turkish rule.Russia is the main supporter for these minorities and wants to take an foul-smelling battle against Turkey so that it can gain warm pee ports in Black Sea, wanting to elevating its dominance in Europe and increasing trade. Rebellions take place in 1912 (further degrading the Ottoman empire) which poses an opportunity for the Balkan states to attack. These events start the first Balkan war and the now independent countries take hold of the majority Turkish territory besides Constantinople. The Bulgarians are given very little compensation and Serbs expand which the Hagsburg empire detests.From 179-187 The Bosnian Crisis was a crisis with cr itical set up that set into motion events that would have an immediate effect on the coming of World War One. Lafore argues that the Bosnian Crisis begins military planning between Austria-Hungary and Germany in which Germany becomes more supportive of Austria-Hungary because of the rise of Slavdom and the encirclement of Germany. Germany was looking to solidify its alliances as its military position became direr. Also nationalist groups in Serbia begin to form such as the Black Hand and The Peoples Union.These groups will be responsible for mounting tensions between the Serbians and the Austro-Hungarians. Main People newfangled Turks secular revolutionaries who wanted to revive the Ottoman empire by reform in govt New Russian Foreign Minister want Russia to a protector again. Encourages the Serbs to nationalize and provide offensive against Turkey. Archduke Francis Ferdinand wanted to unite the Slavs together against the dislike of the Magyars. Poincare He is the PM and Foreign M inister of France in 1912. He wanted a general war with Germany in order to gain Alsace Lorraine back.Conservative and nationalist figure. His policies are urged by revenge. Outline I. The finger cymbals of a Pomeranian Grenadier a. June 1903= Serbian officers assassinated their king and queen i. Lafore uses language to suggest that the assassination was very messy and in turn folie the entire balance of events in Europe ii. Assassination ending up effecting the Austrian state which in turn effected the German army which in turn effected what mattered to mankind b. Serbia i. Serbia very rural existence capital=Belgrade ii. dwelling of Karageorgevich=Prince Peter scion in 1903 ii. Prince Peter= senior intelligent man who lived in exile iv. Other house was House of Obrenovich=occupied the throne through King Alexander II= junior man of indifferent talents, doubtful morals, and bad political judgement v. His married woman caused much hatred from the population 1. Lafore uses sharp l anguage to describe the appetency of her in the public eye vi. Kings throne not secure=dependent upon Austrian support and friendship with the Russians Group OutlinePages 141-204 18The yen Fuse Group Outlines Ms. Johnson 2010-2011 ii. Alexander attempted to please both the liberal and radical party=led to contradictions of himself in governmental opinions Liberals eventually turned against him viii. Russians supported radical and Austrians supported Liberals c. Austro-Russian affairs i. Austria attempted to persuade Russia that neither of them should interpose in Serbian affairs that put them at a disadvantage ii. Austrian Foreign Minister Agenor von Goluchowski suggested that Austria could eventually annex small nations and Russia could do the same iii.Russia declined this proposal but signed an agreement to maintain the exsisting order of things d. Russian Foreign Minister Count Lamsdorf assured Austria that they were too bad-tempered with eastern affairs to be involved in Se rbian relations i. At the same time, Russia remained quietly involved in Serbia and reenforcement the Radicals e. The quiet Austro-Russian affairs benefited the new Serbian government i. The new Serbian government was very much hostile, radical, and revolutionary ii. Peter Karageorgevich was brought in and installed as the new ing=promised to maintain a good relationship with his neighbors as long as he was supported iii. Government needed to be nationalistic if it was to stay in power=started to depend on Russia and created Austrophobia f. Macedonia was in great need of reform i. Serbia too control and hoped for Russian support ii. Russians to busy in the East to give proper support g. Mursteg Punctation i. Accepted by Ottoman government allowed for policing of Macedonia by major powers h. Russia was defeated in the far east i. They hurt themselves even more by continuing to meddle in Serbian affairs and eing unwilling to cooperate with Austria ii. Supported Rusphile Nikola Pashit ch as Prime Minister iii. Relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in declining spiral i. The Pig War and the Rise of Pan-Serbism i. Serbia tied commercially to the Austro Hungarian empire=not economically good for Serbia ii. Serbia attempted to end this dependence=first major sep was signing of customs treaty with Bulgaria in 1905 iii. Austrian responded in 1906 by stopping all Serbian livestock imports iv. Led to try called the Pig War which lasted five years with short interruptions he Austrians were unyielding to show the Serbs they had more power and Serbia was determined to be economically free j. Serbia took their markets elsewhere i. They succeeded and actually gained more revenue than before the Pig War making them extremely confident ii. Serbian success greatly strike and angered the Austrians iii. It create a divide in their monarchy and made them upset because they believed tat a greater Serbia would be harmful iv. Austria in turn made the Serbs excessively sensit ive to trade routes v. Serbia wanted a railroad line straight to the Adriatic sea as a direct ommercial outlet but Austria opposed it Montenegro became a Serbian enemy i. After once being an ally of Serbia, Montenegro became an enemy=Serbia attempted to murder their Prince ii. Prince Nicholas had made himself unpopular with his own people iii. Montenegro suspected Serbia and informant from the Serbian Ministry of War gave them information that support these suspicions iv. Incident showed extremes Serbs were willing to go to push for South Slav dismission Yugoslav Club i. One of many nationalist societies beginning to elaborate in Serbia ii.The only reason these groups effected Austro-Serb relations was the Pig War and pan-Serb impact on the monarchy iii. Two meetings of Slav politicians at Fiume and Zara demanding full rights of self- government for Austrian Slavs and to end the dual system that enabled Magyars to oppress them iv. Vienna government began to contemplate extreme m easures v. Extreme measures were about to be taken and the lesson was well-read that there was no point wasting time in economic affairs vi. The long Bosnian crisis began in the autumn of 1908=illuminated the existing tensions and realities and produced new ones